Madeleine Zoglauer, Robert Czernecka, G. Bühringer, R. Kotter, A. Kräplin
{"title":"赌博的身体可用性与赌博行为或赌博障碍之间的关系:系统综述","authors":"Madeleine Zoglauer, Robert Czernecka, G. Bühringer, R. Kotter, A. Kräplin","doi":"10.4309/JGI.2021.47.2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Although it is often regarded as obvious, the exact nature of the relationship between gambling availability and gambling behaviour or disordered gambling remains unclear. However, disordered gambling is an important public health issue and restrictions on availability are seen as an important strategy to reduce gambling-related problems in many jurisdictions. Applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we reviewed studies on the relationship between physical gambling availability and gambling behaviour, as well as disordered gambling, and focused on several currently discussed hypotheses about their relationship. We used a systematic electronic search strategy involving 12 search terms and several databases. We included 27 studies and evaluated them by applying a comprehensive quality rating and quality weighting of evidence. We found a high proportion of quality-weighted evidence for both a positive relationship (access hypothesis) and a decrease or plateau in the prevalence of gambling participation and disorders over time with increasing availability (adaptation hypothesis). However, several conceptual and methodological problems hamper final conclusions. For example, studies were often not based on precise hypotheses, only two studies had a longitudinal design, overall quality ratings varied widely, operationalizations of gambling availability were sometimes not objectively measured, follow-up periods were insufficient, and shifting behaviour was not assessed. To understand the causal role of gambling availability in the development and course of gambling disorder and to derive evidence-based prevention strategies, investigators need to perform more high-quality longitudinal research that is based on a solid theoretical framework with the corresponding statistical analyses. Resume Bien qu’on la considere souvent comme evidente, la nature exacte de la relation entre la disponibilite des jeux de hasard et le comportement lie a la pratique de ces jeux ou le jeu compulsif demeure incertaine. Le jeu compulsif represente toutefois une importante question de sante publique et les restrictions touchant la disponibilite sont considerees comme une strategie tres valable pour reduire les problemes associes aux jeux de hasard dans de nombreux pays. En appliquant les directives PRISMA, nous avons examine les etudes sur la relation entre la disponibilite physique des jeux de hasard et le comportement lie a ces jeux et au jeu compulsif, en mettant l’accent sur plusieurs hypotheses qui font actuellement l’objet de discussions. Nous avons employe une strategie de recherche electronique systematique comportant douze termes d’interrogation et plusieurs bases de donnees. Vingt-sept etudes ont ete evaluees en y appliquant une cote de qualite et une ponderee de la preuve de qualite exhaustives. Nous avons constate une forte proportion de ponderee probante pour les deux, une relation positive (hypothese de l’acces) et une diminution ou un plateau dans la prevalence de la pratique des jeux de hasard ou du jeu compulsif au fil du temps en presence de disponibilite croissante (hypothese d’adaptation). Cependant, plusieurs problemes conceptuels et methodologiques nuisent a la formulation de conclusions finales. Par exemple, plusieurs etudes n’etaient pas fondees sur des hypotheses precises, seulement deux etudes faisaient l’objet d’un plan longitudinal, les cotes de qualite globale variaient enormement, les operationnalisations de la disponibilite du jeu n’etaient parfois pas mesurees objectivement, les periodes de suivi etaient insuffisantes et les changements de comportement n’etaient pas evalues. Pour comprendre le role causal de la disponibilite du jeu dans le developpement et le cours du jeu compulsif, et pour en tirer des strategies de prevention fondees sur des donnees probantes, une etude longitudinale de plus grande qualite est requise, et doit etre basee sur un cadre theorique rigoureux et comporter les analyses statistiques correspondantes.","PeriodicalId":45414,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Issues","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3000,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The Relationship Between Physical Availability of Gambling and Gambling Behaviour or Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review\",\"authors\":\"Madeleine Zoglauer, Robert Czernecka, G. Bühringer, R. Kotter, A. Kräplin\",\"doi\":\"10.4309/JGI.2021.47.2\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Although it is often regarded as obvious, the exact nature of the relationship between gambling availability and gambling behaviour or disordered gambling remains unclear. However, disordered gambling is an important public health issue and restrictions on availability are seen as an important strategy to reduce gambling-related problems in many jurisdictions. Applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we reviewed studies on the relationship between physical gambling availability and gambling behaviour, as well as disordered gambling, and focused on several currently discussed hypotheses about their relationship. We used a systematic electronic search strategy involving 12 search terms and several databases. We included 27 studies and evaluated them by applying a comprehensive quality rating and quality weighting of evidence. We found a high proportion of quality-weighted evidence for both a positive relationship (access hypothesis) and a decrease or plateau in the prevalence of gambling participation and disorders over time with increasing availability (adaptation hypothesis). However, several conceptual and methodological problems hamper final conclusions. For example, studies were often not based on precise hypotheses, only two studies had a longitudinal design, overall quality ratings varied widely, operationalizations of gambling availability were sometimes not objectively measured, follow-up periods were insufficient, and shifting behaviour was not assessed. To understand the causal role of gambling availability in the development and course of gambling disorder and to derive evidence-based prevention strategies, investigators need to perform more high-quality longitudinal research that is based on a solid theoretical framework with the corresponding statistical analyses. Resume Bien qu’on la considere souvent comme evidente, la nature exacte de la relation entre la disponibilite des jeux de hasard et le comportement lie a la pratique de ces jeux ou le jeu compulsif demeure incertaine. Le jeu compulsif represente toutefois une importante question de sante publique et les restrictions touchant la disponibilite sont considerees comme une strategie tres valable pour reduire les problemes associes aux jeux de hasard dans de nombreux pays. En appliquant les directives PRISMA, nous avons examine les etudes sur la relation entre la disponibilite physique des jeux de hasard et le comportement lie a ces jeux et au jeu compulsif, en mettant l’accent sur plusieurs hypotheses qui font actuellement l’objet de discussions. Nous avons employe une strategie de recherche electronique systematique comportant douze termes d’interrogation et plusieurs bases de donnees. Vingt-sept etudes ont ete evaluees en y appliquant une cote de qualite et une ponderee de la preuve de qualite exhaustives. Nous avons constate une forte proportion de ponderee probante pour les deux, une relation positive (hypothese de l’acces) et une diminution ou un plateau dans la prevalence de la pratique des jeux de hasard ou du jeu compulsif au fil du temps en presence de disponibilite croissante (hypothese d’adaptation). Cependant, plusieurs problemes conceptuels et methodologiques nuisent a la formulation de conclusions finales. Par exemple, plusieurs etudes n’etaient pas fondees sur des hypotheses precises, seulement deux etudes faisaient l’objet d’un plan longitudinal, les cotes de qualite globale variaient enormement, les operationnalisations de la disponibilite du jeu n’etaient parfois pas mesurees objectivement, les periodes de suivi etaient insuffisantes et les changements de comportement n’etaient pas evalues. 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The Relationship Between Physical Availability of Gambling and Gambling Behaviour or Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review
Although it is often regarded as obvious, the exact nature of the relationship between gambling availability and gambling behaviour or disordered gambling remains unclear. However, disordered gambling is an important public health issue and restrictions on availability are seen as an important strategy to reduce gambling-related problems in many jurisdictions. Applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we reviewed studies on the relationship between physical gambling availability and gambling behaviour, as well as disordered gambling, and focused on several currently discussed hypotheses about their relationship. We used a systematic electronic search strategy involving 12 search terms and several databases. We included 27 studies and evaluated them by applying a comprehensive quality rating and quality weighting of evidence. We found a high proportion of quality-weighted evidence for both a positive relationship (access hypothesis) and a decrease or plateau in the prevalence of gambling participation and disorders over time with increasing availability (adaptation hypothesis). However, several conceptual and methodological problems hamper final conclusions. For example, studies were often not based on precise hypotheses, only two studies had a longitudinal design, overall quality ratings varied widely, operationalizations of gambling availability were sometimes not objectively measured, follow-up periods were insufficient, and shifting behaviour was not assessed. To understand the causal role of gambling availability in the development and course of gambling disorder and to derive evidence-based prevention strategies, investigators need to perform more high-quality longitudinal research that is based on a solid theoretical framework with the corresponding statistical analyses. Resume Bien qu’on la considere souvent comme evidente, la nature exacte de la relation entre la disponibilite des jeux de hasard et le comportement lie a la pratique de ces jeux ou le jeu compulsif demeure incertaine. Le jeu compulsif represente toutefois une importante question de sante publique et les restrictions touchant la disponibilite sont considerees comme une strategie tres valable pour reduire les problemes associes aux jeux de hasard dans de nombreux pays. En appliquant les directives PRISMA, nous avons examine les etudes sur la relation entre la disponibilite physique des jeux de hasard et le comportement lie a ces jeux et au jeu compulsif, en mettant l’accent sur plusieurs hypotheses qui font actuellement l’objet de discussions. Nous avons employe une strategie de recherche electronique systematique comportant douze termes d’interrogation et plusieurs bases de donnees. Vingt-sept etudes ont ete evaluees en y appliquant une cote de qualite et une ponderee de la preuve de qualite exhaustives. Nous avons constate une forte proportion de ponderee probante pour les deux, une relation positive (hypothese de l’acces) et une diminution ou un plateau dans la prevalence de la pratique des jeux de hasard ou du jeu compulsif au fil du temps en presence de disponibilite croissante (hypothese d’adaptation). Cependant, plusieurs problemes conceptuels et methodologiques nuisent a la formulation de conclusions finales. Par exemple, plusieurs etudes n’etaient pas fondees sur des hypotheses precises, seulement deux etudes faisaient l’objet d’un plan longitudinal, les cotes de qualite globale variaient enormement, les operationnalisations de la disponibilite du jeu n’etaient parfois pas mesurees objectivement, les periodes de suivi etaient insuffisantes et les changements de comportement n’etaient pas evalues. Pour comprendre le role causal de la disponibilite du jeu dans le developpement et le cours du jeu compulsif, et pour en tirer des strategies de prevention fondees sur des donnees probantes, une etude longitudinale de plus grande qualite est requise, et doit etre basee sur un cadre theorique rigoureux et comporter les analyses statistiques correspondantes.