Methodology for risk management in dams from the event tree and FMEA analysis

Some studies that analyze the risk of dam failures estimate that between 2016 and 2025 about 30 major tragedies should be expected. Failure records between 1900 and 2014 indicate that there is an average of three ruptures every two years, considering only the failures that were officially registered and investigated. It can be said that the potential for dam failures will be driven by the economy, since cost has been the main variable considered in the design, construction, operation, monitoring and closing plan of these structures. As companies reduce investments in maintenance, risk management and failure prevention, there is an incentive for economic recovery, competitiveness of product value and debt reduction, required by investors. The result has been a decrease in specialized labor, to the point that companies no longer have sufficient knowledge about the engineering and operational skills that apply to tailings and water management. Learning from the dams’ tragedies is practically non-existent, in Brazil and worldwide, leading to catastrophic environmental and social consequences. Failures will occur as long as they are viewed and treated as unpredictable, thereby lacking risk management. The proposed risk management method, presented in this paper, considers the information of inspection and instrumentation, identifying risks from event trees, separately, intolerable, tolerable and acceptable risks. The intolerable risks are conducted for FMEA-type failure analysis, where severe, intermediate and mild failures are assessed. The objective is to enable the development of an assertive and effective action plan for dam safety management.