中、纳米系统中熵的电子测量

IF 6.1 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Chemical physics reviews Pub Date : 2022-06-12 DOI:10.1063/5.0101784
E. Pyurbeeva, J. Mol, P. Gehring
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引用次数: 3

摘要

熵是物理学中最基本的量之一。对于自由度很少的系统,熵的值为其微观动力学提供了强有力的见解,如电子态的数量、简并性和相对能量,自旋的值、局域化和纠缠的程度,以及奇异态(如非阿贝尔任意子)的出现。随着系统规模的缩小,由于对热量测量越来越精确的要求,基于热容的传统熵测量方法很快变得不可行。最近发展了几种直接测量介观量子系统熵的方法。这些方法使用电荷、电导和热流的电子测量,而不是热量,并已成功应用于从量子点和分子到量子霍尔态和扭曲双层石墨烯的广泛系统。在这篇综述中,我们概述了电子直接熵测量方法,讨论了它们的理论背景,比较了它们的适用范围,并展望了它们未来的扩展和应用方向。
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Electronic measurements of entropy in meso- and nanoscale systems
Entropy is one of the most fundamental quantities in physics. For systems with few degrees of freedom, the value of entropy provides a powerful insight into its microscopic dynamics, such as the number, degeneracy, and relative energies of electronic states, the value of spin, degree of localization and entanglement, and the emergence of exotic states such as non-Abelian anyons. As the size of a system decreases, the conventional methods for measuring entropy, based on heat capacity, quickly become infeasible due to the requirement of increasingly accurate measurements of heat. Several methods to directly measure entropy of mesoscopic quantum systems have recently been developed. These methods use electronic measurements of charge, conductance and thermocurrent, rather than heat, and have been successfully applied to a wide range of systems, from quantum dots and molecules, to quantum Hall states and twisted bilayer graphene. In this Review, we provide an overview of electronic direct entropy measurement methods, discuss their theoretical background, compare their ranges of applicability and look into the directions of their future extensions and applications.
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