The early Ediacaran Brachina sequence, Flinders Ranges, South Australia: its age, formation and plate tectonic setting

Abstract Throughout the Flinders Ranges of South Australia, the red bed Brachina sequence comprises the lower of two regressive, coarsening-upward successions that together constitute the Ediacaran-aged Wilpena Group. Detailed examination of the Brachina sequence has identified evidence of ice-rafting, supporting the contention that frigid climatic conditions continued well after cessation of the Marinoan Glaciation, as well as features postulated to be harbingers of the macroscopic metazoans that occur in abundance higher in the local stratigraphy. Although tuffaceous and lying stratigraphically between deposits of the Marinoan Glaciation and the Acraman Impact/Gaskiers Glaciation, no absolute age dates exist for the sequence. However, through correlation to the global carbon isotope profile, the timespan of Brachina sequence deposition can be constrained to between 635 and 586 Ma, when the regression climaxed with terrestrial deposition upon a local disconformity. The tuffaceous input is timed to have begun at 620 Ma, essentially coincident with initial formation of the passive volcanic continental margin of southeastern Australia and initiation of both the Volyn Large Igneous Province and activity within the Central Iapetus Magmatic Province, all components marking the demise of Rodinia and initial amalgamation of Gondwana. KEY POINTS Correlation to the global carbon isotope profile dates the early Ediacaran Brachina sequence of the Flinders Ranges to between 635 and 586 Ma. The ABC Range Quartzite in the central Flinders Ranges is derived from, and hence younger than, the deltaic ABC Range Quartzite in the southwestern Flinders Ranges. Several volcanic outpourings across the Ediacaran globe during the final breakup of Rodinia and initial assembly of Gondwana, including that associated with the development of the eastern Australian passive margin, produced an abundance of atmospheric ash that settled during and beyond deposition of the Brachina sequence.