Gut microbiota, metabolites, and cardiovascular diseases

Numerous studies unveiled the interactions between intestinal flora and the host and how these affect human health and disease. The gut microbiota and its metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids, and secondary bile acids, are related to human metabolism, immunity, and diseases. An increasing number of studies has indicated that intestinal flora and its metabolites contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) development. Revealing the role of intestinal flora and its metabolites in cardiovascular pathogenesis may provide novel strategies for preventing and treating CVDs. However, the specific mechanisms are unclear, and more research is warranted. Here, we reviewed the most recent research progress on the relationship between intestinal flora, its metabolites, and CVDs.