Konstantina Saliari, Erich Pucher, M. Staudt, Gert Goldenberg
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These species were most often brought whole to the sites and only occasionally as meat cuts (in particular, ribs). Age and sex profiles indicate that miners consumed high-quality meat. As is also documented on prehistoric mining sites from the Eastern Alps, butchery marks evidence a standardized slaughtering process car- ried out by professional butchers. At Weißer Schrofen, pig was the main meat provider during the LBA, whereas cattle and sheep/goat were more important as dairy products and wool/skin providers. This pattern changed in the EIA, when sheep became the dominating meat supplier at the site of Bauernzeche. \nThis shift may reflect an adaptation to climate changes, which determined the amount of fodder available for stocks, and/or to the impact of cultural and economic developments taking place during the Final Bronze Age. Variations on the faunal assemblages might also reflect agents such as topography and altitude. All in all, a logistic balance between miners (consumers) and peasants (producers) is revealed although more information is required (e.g. archaeobotany), to shed more light on the major changes recorded in the EIA. \nBased on gnawing marks from Weißer Schrofen, some of the dogs there must have been large-sized. Although this may constitute an exceptional case for the Bronze Age, similar results were reported from the EBA Brixlegg settlement at Mariahilfbergl. 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This paper reviews the Schwaz-Brixlegg archaeozoological materials and compares them with those from contemporaneous mining (copper and salt) sites on the Eastern Alps, to assess diet and subsistence strategies of the early alpine, geo-resource-centered, communities. \\nThe faunal remains from Schwaz-Brixlegg document a change in diet for the Lower Inn Valley area from the LBA to the EIA exemplified by a shift from a pig-based economy to another one based on cattle and occasionally small ruminants. These species were most often brought whole to the sites and only occasionally as meat cuts (in particular, ribs). Age and sex profiles indicate that miners consumed high-quality meat. As is also documented on prehistoric mining sites from the Eastern Alps, butchery marks evidence a standardized slaughtering process car- ried out by professional butchers. 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引用次数: 5
摘要
自20世纪90年代以来,奥地利北蒂罗尔州Lower Inn Valley的Schwaz Brixlegg矿区主要对晚青铜时代(LBA)至早铁时代(EIA)遗址进行挖掘,重点是重建冶金活动及其所有相关方面。本文回顾了Schwaz Brixlegg的考古材料,并将其与东阿尔卑斯山同期采矿(铜和盐)遗址的考古材料进行了比较,以评估早期阿尔卑斯山以地理资源为中心的社区的饮食和生存策略。Schwaz Brixlegg的动物遗骸记录了Lower Inn Valley地区从LBA到EIA的饮食变化,例如从以猪为基础的经济转向以牛为基础的另一种经济,偶尔还有小反刍动物。这些物种通常被完整地带到现场,偶尔也会作为肉块(尤其是肋骨)。年龄和性别特征表明,矿工食用高质量的肉类。正如东阿尔卑斯山史前采矿遗址上所记载的那样,屠宰场标志着由专业屠夫进行的标准化屠宰过程的证据。在Weißer Schrofen,猪是LBA期间的主要肉类供应商,而牛和绵羊/山羊作为乳制品和羊毛/皮肤供应商更为重要。这种模式在EIA中发生了变化,绵羊成为Bauernzeche现场的主要肉类供应商。这种转变可能反映了对气候变化的适应,气候变化决定了可供储存的饲料数量,和/或对青铜时代末期文化和经济发展的影响。动物群组合的变化也可能反映地形和海拔等因素。总的来说,尽管需要更多的信息(如古植物学),但矿工(消费者)和农民(生产者)之间的逻辑平衡得以揭示,以更多地了解EIA中记录的主要变化。根据Weißer Schrofen的咬痕,那里的一些狗一定是大型的。尽管这可能是青铜时代的一个特例,但据报道,位于Mariahilfbergl的EBA Brixlegg定居点也有类似的结果。未来的研究需要阐明狗在早期采矿活动中可能发挥的功能作用。
Continuities and changes of animal exploitation across the Bronze Age – Iron Age boundary at mining sites in the Eastern Alps
Since the 1990s, the Schwaz-Brixlegg mining district in the Lower Inn Valley, North Tyrol, Austria, features excavations on mostly Late Bronze (LBA) to Early Iron (EIA) Age sites, focusing on the reconstruction of metallurgic activities and of all aspects related to it. This paper reviews the Schwaz-Brixlegg archaeozoological materials and compares them with those from contemporaneous mining (copper and salt) sites on the Eastern Alps, to assess diet and subsistence strategies of the early alpine, geo-resource-centered, communities.
The faunal remains from Schwaz-Brixlegg document a change in diet for the Lower Inn Valley area from the LBA to the EIA exemplified by a shift from a pig-based economy to another one based on cattle and occasionally small ruminants. These species were most often brought whole to the sites and only occasionally as meat cuts (in particular, ribs). Age and sex profiles indicate that miners consumed high-quality meat. As is also documented on prehistoric mining sites from the Eastern Alps, butchery marks evidence a standardized slaughtering process car- ried out by professional butchers. At Weißer Schrofen, pig was the main meat provider during the LBA, whereas cattle and sheep/goat were more important as dairy products and wool/skin providers. This pattern changed in the EIA, when sheep became the dominating meat supplier at the site of Bauernzeche.
This shift may reflect an adaptation to climate changes, which determined the amount of fodder available for stocks, and/or to the impact of cultural and economic developments taking place during the Final Bronze Age. Variations on the faunal assemblages might also reflect agents such as topography and altitude. All in all, a logistic balance between miners (consumers) and peasants (producers) is revealed although more information is required (e.g. archaeobotany), to shed more light on the major changes recorded in the EIA.
Based on gnawing marks from Weißer Schrofen, some of the dogs there must have been large-sized. Although this may constitute an exceptional case for the Bronze Age, similar results were reported from the EBA Brixlegg settlement at Mariahilfbergl. Future research is needed to elucidate the possible functional role of dogs in the context of early mining activities.
期刊介绍:
ARCHAEOFAUNA publica trabajos originales relacionados con cualquier aspecto del estudio de restos animales recuperados en yacimientos arqueológicos.