State of the art and applications in nanostructured biocatalysis

Abstract Enzymes have been widely studied for their excellent efficiency, selectivity and environmentally benign nature. However, the development of their biocatalytic applications is severely limited by the lack of stability and reusability. Nanostructured materials have been demonstrated as efficient hosts for the immobilization of enzyme due to their large surface areas as well as higher activities and long-term stability. Furthermore, nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics are explored as highly stable and low-cost alternatives to mimic the structures and functions of naturally occurring enzymes. This review offers an overview on the research status of enzymatic immobilization adapted from nanostructured materials and nanozymes in numerous fields, from biosensing and biocatalysis to environmental remediation, with emphasis focused on current challenges and future directions in highly selective and efficient biocatalysis.