Neuroimaging-based clinical tools for brain disorders

Neuroimaging is a branch of medical imaging that has been widely used to probe the function and anatomy of the brain noninvasively. This technique has deepened our understandings of how the brain works and has become a valuable tool for diagnosing disease and assessing brain health. Furthermore, recent advances in analytical approaches and experimental settings have facilitated the development of neuroimagingbased clinical tools for various brain disorders. For this reason, this special issue aims to provide a collection of papers discussing the conceptual and methodological innovations and clinical applications of neuroimaging techniques. The special session has included five papers contributed by experts who have been studying brain disorders using neuroimaging techniques for many years. Bi and her colleague focused on neuroimaging technique as a diagnostic tool for relapse during quit attempts in smoking abstinence. They highlighted the advances made with functional and structural neuroimaging techniques in studying neural mechanisms of smoking abstinence. This study also provided a method to identify smokers with heightened relapse vulner ability prior to quitting attempts. It may help researchers develop effective smoking cessation treatments, thus providing promising strategies for improving the success of quit attempts. Next, based on the experimental models and different neuroimaging techniques, this special issue presented two papers concerning the applications of neuroimaging techniques in investigating the central mechanisms of acupuncture. Cao et al. integrated meta-analysis, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and structural MRI (sMRI) to identify potential target regions of scalp acupuncture/neuromodulation for anxiety, which may be useful to provide a neuroimaging-based scalp acupuncture map for accurate stimulation. Yang et al. investigated the acute effects of acupuncture on intracranial vessels and blood flow in patients with Parkinson's disease using magnetic resonance angiography. They found that acupuncture had a tendency to increase the total volume of the intracranial internal carotid artery and the volume of the middle cerebral artery. These two papers provided neuroimaging evidence for the clinical treatment of acupuncture. Moreover, neuroimaging technique has been used to detect cognitive decline, although the underlying disease etiology remains unclear. The following two studies tracked the changes in brain function and structure in patients with