Research progress on HIV-1 immune escape mechanisms.

Although highly active antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV-1 infection into a manageable chronic disease, the development of an effective vaccine is still an important and challengeable research field of HIV-1 treatment. The challenge arises from an enormous diversity of HIV-1 strains and their rapid evolution ahead of effective immune responses. HIV-1 evasion from host immunity contributes to viral spread and pathogenesis, thus understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 immune evasion is important. In this review, we summarized our present knowledge on the mechanisms how HIV-1 escapes immune responses. Such knowledge will help with the design of effective vaccines capable of inducing immune control of HIV-1.