心脏复苏术。

L. du Plessis
{"title":"心脏复苏术。","authors":"L. du Plessis","doi":"10.32388/rg4jo4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"1. Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al: Part 1: Executive summary: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 132 (Suppl 2): S315, 2015. [PMID: 26472989] 2. Olasveengen TM, de Caen AR, Mancini ME, et al: 2017 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations summary. Resuscitation 121: 201, 2017. [PMID: 29128145] 3. Mehra R: Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death. J Electrocardiol 40 (6 Suppl): S118, 2007. [PMID: 17993308] 4. Berdowski J, Berg RA, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW: Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 prospective studies. Resuscitation 81: 1479, 2010. [PMID: 20828914] 5. Bayés de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF: Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 117: 151, 1989. [PMID: 2911968] 6. Hallstrom AP, Eisenberg MS, Bergner L: The persistence of ventricular fibrillation and its implications for evaluating EMS. Emerg Health Serv Q 1: 41, 1982. [PMID: 10258551] 7. Cummins RO: From concept to standard-of-care? Review of the clinical experience with automated external defibrillators. Ann Emerg Med 18: 1269, 1989. [PMID: 2686497] 8. Ong MEH, Chan YH, Anantharaman V, Lau ST, Lim SH, Seldrup J: Cardiac arrest and resuscitation epidemiology in Singapore (CARE I study). Prehosp Emerg Care 7: 427, 2003. [PMID: 14582091] 9. Iwami T, Kitamura T, Kawamura T, et al: Chest compression only cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest with public access defibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation 11: 2844, 2012. [PMID: 23230315] 10. Ewy GA: The cardiocerebral resuscitation protocol for treatment of out of hospital primary cardiac arrest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20: 65, 2012. [PMID: 22980487] 11. Weisfeldt ML, Becker LB: Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model. JAMA 288: 3035, 2002. [PMID: 12479769] 12. Ueta H, Tanaka H, Tanaka S, et al: Quick epinephrine administration induces favorable neurological outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Am J Emerg Med 35: 676, 2017. [PMID: 28087097] 13. Bernhard M, Benger JR: Airway management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 21: 183, 2015. [PMID: 25922892] 14. Benger JR, Kirby K, Black S, et al: Effect of a strategy of a supraglottic airway device vs tracheal intubation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on functional outcome: The AIRWAYS-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 320: 779, 2018. [PMID: 30167701] 15. Jabre P, Penaloza A, Pinero D, et al: Effect of bag-mask ventilation vs endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcome after out-ofhospital cardiorespiratory arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 319: 779, 2018. [PMID: 29486039] 16. O’Connor RE, Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al: Part 9: Acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 132 (18 Suppl 2): S483, 2015. [PMID: 26472997] 17. Andersen LW, Granfeldt A, Callaway CW, et al: Association between tracheal intubation during adult in-hospital cardiac arrest and survival. JAMA 317: 494, 2017. [PMID: 28118660] 18. Nichol G, Leroux B, Wang H, et al: Trial of continuous or interrupted chest compressions during CPR. N Engl J Med 373: 2203, 2015. [PMID: 26550795] 19. Brooks SC, Hassan N, Bigham BL, Morrison LJ: Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD007260, 2014. [PMID: 24574099] 20. Bonnes JL, Brouwer MA, Navarese EP, et al: Manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus CPR including a mechanical chest compression device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a comprehensive meta-analysis from randomized and observational studies. Ann Emerg Med 67: 349, 2016. [PMID: 26607332] 21. Wang PL, Brooks SC: Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8: CD007260, 2018. [PMID: 30125048] 22. Littmann L, Bustin DJ, Haley MW: A simplified and structured teaching tool for the evaluation and management of pulseless electrical activity. Med Princ Pract 23: 1, 2014. [PMID: 23949188] 23. Long B, Koyfman A, Vivirito M: Capnography in the emergency department: a review of uses, waveforms, and limitations. J Emerg Med 53: 829, 2017. [PMID: 28993038] 24. Kolar M, Krizmaric M, Klemen P, Grmec S: Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 12: R115, 2008. [PMID: 18786260] 25. Sandroni C, De Santis P, D’Arrigo S: Capnography during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 132: 73, 2018. [PMID: 30142399] 26. Williamson K, Breed M, Albertis K, et al: The impact of the code drugs: cardioactive medications in cardiac arrest resuscitation. Emerg Med Clin North Am 30: 65, 2012. [PMID: 22107975] 27. Glover M, Brown SP, Morrison L: Wide variability in drug use in out of hospital cardiac arrest: a report from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 83: 1324, 2012. [PMID: 22858552] 28. Weng YM, Su SH, Li WC, et al: The effects of sodium bicarbonate during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 31: 562, 2013. [PMID: 23246112] 29. Ali MU, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Kenny M, et al: Effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs for shockable cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 132: 63, 2018. [PMID: 30179691] 30. Larabee TM, Liu KY, Campbell JA, et al: Vasopressors in cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 83: 932, 2012. [PMID: 22425731] 31. Olasveengen TM, Sunde K, Brunborg C, Thowsen J, Steen PA, Wik L: Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 302: 2222, 2009. [PMID: 19934423] 32. Callaway CW: Questioning the use of epinephrine to treat cardiac arrest. JAMA 307: 1198, 2012. [PMID: 22436961] 33. Hagihara A, Hasegawa M, Abe T, Nagata T, Wakata Y, Miyazaki S: Prehospital epinephrine use and survival among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 307: 1161, 2012. [PMID: 22436956] 34. Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD, et al: A randomized trial of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 379: 711, 2018. [PMID: 30021076] 35. Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M, et al: Amiodarone, lidocaine, or placebo in out-ofhospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 374: 1711, 2016. [PMID: 27043165] 36. Laina A, Karlis G, Liakos A, et al: Amiodarone and cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 221: 780, 2016. [PMID: 27434349] 37. Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C, et al: Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310: 270, 2013. [PMID: 23860985] 38. Driver BE, Debaty G, Plummer DW, Smith SW: Use of esmolol after failure of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation to treat patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 85: 1337, 2014. [PMID: 25033747] 39. Eifling M, Razavi M, Massumi A: The evaluation and management of electrical storm. Tex Heart Inst J 38: 111, 2011. [PMID: 3066819] 40. Gao D, Sapp JL: Electrical storm: definitions, clinical importance, and treatment. Curr Opin Cardiol 28: 72, 2013. [PMID: 23160339] 41. Chatzidou S, Kontogiannis C, Tsilimigras D, et al: Propranolol versus metoprolol for treatment of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 71: 1897, 2018. [PMID: 29699616] 42. Crippa G, Sverzellati E, Giorgi-Pierfranceschi M, Carrara GC: Magnesium and cardiovascular drugs: interactions and therapeutic role. Ann Ital Med Int 14: 40, 1999. [PMID: 10528423] 43. Papastylianou A, Mentzelopoulos S: Current pharmacological advances in the treatment of cardiac arrest. Emerg Med Int 2012: 815857, 2012. [PMID: 22145080] 44. Williamson JR, Safer B, Rich T, et al: Effects of acidosis on myocardial contractility and metabolism. Acta Med Scand Suppl 587: 95, 1976. [PMID: 3100] 45. Ahn S, Youn-Jung K, Sohn CH, et al: Sodium bicarbonate on severe metabolic acidosis during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Thorac Dis 104: 2295, 2018. [PMID: 29850134] 46. Velissaris D, Karamouzos V, Pierrakos C, et al: Use of sodium bicarbonate in cardiac arrest: current guidelines and literature review. J Clin Med Res 8: 277, 2016. [PMID: 26985247] 47. Dybvik T, Strand T, Steen PA: Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 29: 89, 1995. [PMID: 7659873] 48. Vukmir RB, Katz L; Sodium Bicarbonate Study Group: Sodium bicarbonate improves outcome in prolonged prehospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 24: 156, 2006. [PMID: 16490643] 49. Hock Ong ME, Tiah L, Sien-Hon LB, et al: A randomised, double-blind multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest present to or in the emergency department. Resuscitation 83: 953, 2012. [PMID: 22353644] 50. Chang MS, Inoue H, Kallok MJ, Zipes DP: Double and triple sequential shocks reduce ventricular defibrillation threshold in dogs with and without myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 8: 1393, 1986. [PMID: 3782643] 51. Huis In’t Veld MA, Allison MG, Bostick DS, et al: Ultrasound use during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with delays in chest compressions. Resuscitation 119: 95, 2017. [PMID: 28754527] 52. Clattenburg EJ, Wroe P, Brown S, et al: Point-of-care ultrasound use in patients with cardiac arrest is associated prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation pauses: a prospective cohort study. Resuscitation 122: 65, 2017. [PMID: 29175356] 53. Hernandez C, Shuler K, Hannan H, et al: C.A.U.S.E.: cardiac arrest ultra-sound exam— a better approac","PeriodicalId":76356,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Mine Medical Officers' Association","volume":"45 390 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2020-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Cardiac resuscitation.\",\"authors\":\"L. du Plessis\",\"doi\":\"10.32388/rg4jo4\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"1. Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al: Part 1: Executive summary: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 132 (Suppl 2): S315, 2015. [PMID: 26472989] 2. Olasveengen TM, de Caen AR, Mancini ME, et al: 2017 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations summary. Resuscitation 121: 201, 2017. [PMID: 29128145] 3. Mehra R: Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death. J Electrocardiol 40 (6 Suppl): S118, 2007. [PMID: 17993308] 4. Berdowski J, Berg RA, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW: Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 prospective studies. Resuscitation 81: 1479, 2010. [PMID: 20828914] 5. Bayés de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF: Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 117: 151, 1989. [PMID: 2911968] 6. Hallstrom AP, Eisenberg MS, Bergner L: The persistence of ventricular fibrillation and its implications for evaluating EMS. Emerg Health Serv Q 1: 41, 1982. [PMID: 10258551] 7. Cummins RO: From concept to standard-of-care? Review of the clinical experience with automated external defibrillators. Ann Emerg Med 18: 1269, 1989. [PMID: 2686497] 8. Ong MEH, Chan YH, Anantharaman V, Lau ST, Lim SH, Seldrup J: Cardiac arrest and resuscitation epidemiology in Singapore (CARE I study). Prehosp Emerg Care 7: 427, 2003. [PMID: 14582091] 9. Iwami T, Kitamura T, Kawamura T, et al: Chest compression only cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest with public access defibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation 11: 2844, 2012. [PMID: 23230315] 10. Ewy GA: The cardiocerebral resuscitation protocol for treatment of out of hospital primary cardiac arrest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20: 65, 2012. [PMID: 22980487] 11. Weisfeldt ML, Becker LB: Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model. JAMA 288: 3035, 2002. [PMID: 12479769] 12. Ueta H, Tanaka H, Tanaka S, et al: Quick epinephrine administration induces favorable neurological outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Am J Emerg Med 35: 676, 2017. [PMID: 28087097] 13. Bernhard M, Benger JR: Airway management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 21: 183, 2015. [PMID: 25922892] 14. Benger JR, Kirby K, Black S, et al: Effect of a strategy of a supraglottic airway device vs tracheal intubation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on functional outcome: The AIRWAYS-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 320: 779, 2018. [PMID: 30167701] 15. Jabre P, Penaloza A, Pinero D, et al: Effect of bag-mask ventilation vs endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcome after out-ofhospital cardiorespiratory arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 319: 779, 2018. [PMID: 29486039] 16. O’Connor RE, Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al: Part 9: Acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 132 (18 Suppl 2): S483, 2015. [PMID: 26472997] 17. Andersen LW, Granfeldt A, Callaway CW, et al: Association between tracheal intubation during adult in-hospital cardiac arrest and survival. JAMA 317: 494, 2017. [PMID: 28118660] 18. Nichol G, Leroux B, Wang H, et al: Trial of continuous or interrupted chest compressions during CPR. N Engl J Med 373: 2203, 2015. [PMID: 26550795] 19. Brooks SC, Hassan N, Bigham BL, Morrison LJ: Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD007260, 2014. [PMID: 24574099] 20. Bonnes JL, Brouwer MA, Navarese EP, et al: Manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus CPR including a mechanical chest compression device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a comprehensive meta-analysis from randomized and observational studies. Ann Emerg Med 67: 349, 2016. [PMID: 26607332] 21. Wang PL, Brooks SC: Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8: CD007260, 2018. [PMID: 30125048] 22. Littmann L, Bustin DJ, Haley MW: A simplified and structured teaching tool for the evaluation and management of pulseless electrical activity. Med Princ Pract 23: 1, 2014. [PMID: 23949188] 23. Long B, Koyfman A, Vivirito M: Capnography in the emergency department: a review of uses, waveforms, and limitations. J Emerg Med 53: 829, 2017. [PMID: 28993038] 24. Kolar M, Krizmaric M, Klemen P, Grmec S: Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 12: R115, 2008. [PMID: 18786260] 25. Sandroni C, De Santis P, D’Arrigo S: Capnography during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 132: 73, 2018. [PMID: 30142399] 26. Williamson K, Breed M, Albertis K, et al: The impact of the code drugs: cardioactive medications in cardiac arrest resuscitation. Emerg Med Clin North Am 30: 65, 2012. [PMID: 22107975] 27. Glover M, Brown SP, Morrison L: Wide variability in drug use in out of hospital cardiac arrest: a report from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 83: 1324, 2012. [PMID: 22858552] 28. Weng YM, Su SH, Li WC, et al: The effects of sodium bicarbonate during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 31: 562, 2013. [PMID: 23246112] 29. Ali MU, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Kenny M, et al: Effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs for shockable cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 132: 63, 2018. [PMID: 30179691] 30. Larabee TM, Liu KY, Campbell JA, et al: Vasopressors in cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 83: 932, 2012. [PMID: 22425731] 31. Olasveengen TM, Sunde K, Brunborg C, Thowsen J, Steen PA, Wik L: Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 302: 2222, 2009. [PMID: 19934423] 32. Callaway CW: Questioning the use of epinephrine to treat cardiac arrest. JAMA 307: 1198, 2012. [PMID: 22436961] 33. Hagihara A, Hasegawa M, Abe T, Nagata T, Wakata Y, Miyazaki S: Prehospital epinephrine use and survival among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 307: 1161, 2012. [PMID: 22436956] 34. Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD, et al: A randomized trial of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 379: 711, 2018. [PMID: 30021076] 35. Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M, et al: Amiodarone, lidocaine, or placebo in out-ofhospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 374: 1711, 2016. [PMID: 27043165] 36. Laina A, Karlis G, Liakos A, et al: Amiodarone and cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 221: 780, 2016. [PMID: 27434349] 37. Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C, et al: Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310: 270, 2013. [PMID: 23860985] 38. Driver BE, Debaty G, Plummer DW, Smith SW: Use of esmolol after failure of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation to treat patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 85: 1337, 2014. [PMID: 25033747] 39. Eifling M, Razavi M, Massumi A: The evaluation and management of electrical storm. Tex Heart Inst J 38: 111, 2011. [PMID: 3066819] 40. Gao D, Sapp JL: Electrical storm: definitions, clinical importance, and treatment. Curr Opin Cardiol 28: 72, 2013. [PMID: 23160339] 41. Chatzidou S, Kontogiannis C, Tsilimigras D, et al: Propranolol versus metoprolol for treatment of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 71: 1897, 2018. [PMID: 29699616] 42. Crippa G, Sverzellati E, Giorgi-Pierfranceschi M, Carrara GC: Magnesium and cardiovascular drugs: interactions and therapeutic role. Ann Ital Med Int 14: 40, 1999. [PMID: 10528423] 43. Papastylianou A, Mentzelopoulos S: Current pharmacological advances in the treatment of cardiac arrest. Emerg Med Int 2012: 815857, 2012. [PMID: 22145080] 44. Williamson JR, Safer B, Rich T, et al: Effects of acidosis on myocardial contractility and metabolism. Acta Med Scand Suppl 587: 95, 1976. [PMID: 3100] 45. Ahn S, Youn-Jung K, Sohn CH, et al: Sodium bicarbonate on severe metabolic acidosis during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Thorac Dis 104: 2295, 2018. [PMID: 29850134] 46. Velissaris D, Karamouzos V, Pierrakos C, et al: Use of sodium bicarbonate in cardiac arrest: current guidelines and literature review. J Clin Med Res 8: 277, 2016. [PMID: 26985247] 47. Dybvik T, Strand T, Steen PA: Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 29: 89, 1995. [PMID: 7659873] 48. Vukmir RB, Katz L; Sodium Bicarbonate Study Group: Sodium bicarbonate improves outcome in prolonged prehospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 24: 156, 2006. [PMID: 16490643] 49. Hock Ong ME, Tiah L, Sien-Hon LB, et al: A randomised, double-blind multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest present to or in the emergency department. Resuscitation 83: 953, 2012. [PMID: 22353644] 50. Chang MS, Inoue H, Kallok MJ, Zipes DP: Double and triple sequential shocks reduce ventricular defibrillation threshold in dogs with and without myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 8: 1393, 1986. [PMID: 3782643] 51. Huis In’t Veld MA, Allison MG, Bostick DS, et al: Ultrasound use during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with delays in chest compressions. Resuscitation 119: 95, 2017. [PMID: 28754527] 52. Clattenburg EJ, Wroe P, Brown S, et al: Point-of-care ultrasound use in patients with cardiac arrest is associated prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation pauses: a prospective cohort study. Resuscitation 122: 65, 2017. [PMID: 29175356] 53. 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Cardiac resuscitation.
1. Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al: Part 1: Executive summary: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 132 (Suppl 2): S315, 2015. [PMID: 26472989] 2. Olasveengen TM, de Caen AR, Mancini ME, et al: 2017 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations summary. Resuscitation 121: 201, 2017. [PMID: 29128145] 3. Mehra R: Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death. J Electrocardiol 40 (6 Suppl): S118, 2007. [PMID: 17993308] 4. Berdowski J, Berg RA, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW: Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 prospective studies. Resuscitation 81: 1479, 2010. [PMID: 20828914] 5. Bayés de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF: Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 117: 151, 1989. [PMID: 2911968] 6. Hallstrom AP, Eisenberg MS, Bergner L: The persistence of ventricular fibrillation and its implications for evaluating EMS. Emerg Health Serv Q 1: 41, 1982. [PMID: 10258551] 7. Cummins RO: From concept to standard-of-care? Review of the clinical experience with automated external defibrillators. Ann Emerg Med 18: 1269, 1989. [PMID: 2686497] 8. Ong MEH, Chan YH, Anantharaman V, Lau ST, Lim SH, Seldrup J: Cardiac arrest and resuscitation epidemiology in Singapore (CARE I study). Prehosp Emerg Care 7: 427, 2003. [PMID: 14582091] 9. Iwami T, Kitamura T, Kawamura T, et al: Chest compression only cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest with public access defibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation 11: 2844, 2012. [PMID: 23230315] 10. Ewy GA: The cardiocerebral resuscitation protocol for treatment of out of hospital primary cardiac arrest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20: 65, 2012. [PMID: 22980487] 11. Weisfeldt ML, Becker LB: Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model. JAMA 288: 3035, 2002. [PMID: 12479769] 12. Ueta H, Tanaka H, Tanaka S, et al: Quick epinephrine administration induces favorable neurological outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Am J Emerg Med 35: 676, 2017. [PMID: 28087097] 13. Bernhard M, Benger JR: Airway management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 21: 183, 2015. [PMID: 25922892] 14. Benger JR, Kirby K, Black S, et al: Effect of a strategy of a supraglottic airway device vs tracheal intubation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on functional outcome: The AIRWAYS-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 320: 779, 2018. [PMID: 30167701] 15. Jabre P, Penaloza A, Pinero D, et al: Effect of bag-mask ventilation vs endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcome after out-ofhospital cardiorespiratory arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 319: 779, 2018. [PMID: 29486039] 16. O’Connor RE, Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al: Part 9: Acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 132 (18 Suppl 2): S483, 2015. [PMID: 26472997] 17. Andersen LW, Granfeldt A, Callaway CW, et al: Association between tracheal intubation during adult in-hospital cardiac arrest and survival. JAMA 317: 494, 2017. [PMID: 28118660] 18. Nichol G, Leroux B, Wang H, et al: Trial of continuous or interrupted chest compressions during CPR. N Engl J Med 373: 2203, 2015. [PMID: 26550795] 19. Brooks SC, Hassan N, Bigham BL, Morrison LJ: Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD007260, 2014. [PMID: 24574099] 20. Bonnes JL, Brouwer MA, Navarese EP, et al: Manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus CPR including a mechanical chest compression device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a comprehensive meta-analysis from randomized and observational studies. Ann Emerg Med 67: 349, 2016. [PMID: 26607332] 21. Wang PL, Brooks SC: Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8: CD007260, 2018. [PMID: 30125048] 22. Littmann L, Bustin DJ, Haley MW: A simplified and structured teaching tool for the evaluation and management of pulseless electrical activity. Med Princ Pract 23: 1, 2014. [PMID: 23949188] 23. Long B, Koyfman A, Vivirito M: Capnography in the emergency department: a review of uses, waveforms, and limitations. J Emerg Med 53: 829, 2017. [PMID: 28993038] 24. Kolar M, Krizmaric M, Klemen P, Grmec S: Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 12: R115, 2008. [PMID: 18786260] 25. Sandroni C, De Santis P, D’Arrigo S: Capnography during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 132: 73, 2018. [PMID: 30142399] 26. Williamson K, Breed M, Albertis K, et al: The impact of the code drugs: cardioactive medications in cardiac arrest resuscitation. Emerg Med Clin North Am 30: 65, 2012. [PMID: 22107975] 27. Glover M, Brown SP, Morrison L: Wide variability in drug use in out of hospital cardiac arrest: a report from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 83: 1324, 2012. [PMID: 22858552] 28. Weng YM, Su SH, Li WC, et al: The effects of sodium bicarbonate during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 31: 562, 2013. [PMID: 23246112] 29. 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Cardiac resuscitation. A first experience in the use of kelocyanor. Primary liver cancer management. An outline of the history of the southern moeiety of Bantu-speaking people. Valedictory address. Some aspects of abdominal injuries.
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