Then again, what is manipulation? A broader view of a much-maligned concept

ABSTRACT We influence each other constantly and in diverse ways. At times ethically, as when we convince others via arguments founded in good reason. At times problematically, as when we coerce others to act in a certain way. Other forms of influence, such as manipulation, lie in between these poles, as when we influence others not primarily rationally but also not coercing someone, but indirectly by modulating their affective states. Manipulation is usually associated as a deceptive, harmful and sneaky form of influence that is morally problematic. In this paper, I want to distinguish between objectionable and unobjectionable attempts of manipulation and suggest a new, integrative account of manipulation that offers a broader view of a much-maligned concept.