意大利在埃塞俄比亚的暴行:对法西斯第一次军事入侵和占领的暴力行为的调查

IF 2.6 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Journal of Genocide Research Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI:10.1080/14623528.2021.1992927
I. L. Campbell
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引用次数: 1

摘要

1935年10月,贝尼托·墨索里尼的法西斯政府对埃塞俄比亚发动入侵,其特点是在随后的军事占领期间,暴行以这样或那样的形式持续,直到1941年英联邦军队和埃塞俄比亚游击队(被称为爱国者)联合击败占领军。然而,尽管从1939年起法西斯和纳粹在欧洲进行的扩张主义入侵是众所周知的,但法西斯的第一次外国入侵却没有那么充分的记录,也没有那么广为人知。然而,对法西斯意大利在埃塞俄比亚使用的暴力征服和反叛乱方法的研究还有很多值得学习的地方,因为这些方法激发了许多后续行动,并为其提供了蓝图。埃塞俄比亚不仅是南斯拉夫“全面战争”和平民镇压技术的熔炉——通常由同一军事指挥官使用;但意大利人开创的征服方法以及他们试图建立一个种族主义国家的努力也激励了希特勒,他非常尊重伊尔公爵,并在很大程度上以意大利的法西斯主义为其纳粹运动的模式。根据作者在埃塞俄比亚三十年来进行的研究,并辅以主要和次要来源,本文讨论了入侵的目标,确定了入侵和占领部队对战斗人员和非战斗人员实施的主要类型的无端暴力,并对所犯暴行的显著性质和规模提出了解释。
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Italian Atrocities in Ethiopia: An Enquiry into the Violence of Fascism's First Military Invasion and Occupation
The invasion of Ethiopia launched in October 1935 by the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini was marked by atrocities that continued in one form or another throughout the subsequent military occupation, until the occupying army was overcome by a combination of British Commonwealth forces and Ethiopian partisans (known as Patriots) in 1941. However, while the Fascist and Nazi expansionist invasions conducted in Europe from 1939 onwards are well known, Fascism’s first foreign invasion was less well documented, and is not so widely known. Yet there is much to be learned from a study of the methods of violent conquest and counter-insurgency that Fascist Italy employed in Ethiopia, for they inspired, and served as blueprints for, much of what was to follow. Not only was Ethiopia the crucible for the techniques of “total war” and civilian repression employed – often by the same military commanders – in Yugoslavia; but the methods of conquest pioneered by the Italians and their attempts to create a racist state also inspired Hitler, who, holding Il Duce in high esteem, had modelled his Nazi movement largely on Italy’s Fascism. Based on research conducted by the author in Ethiopia over a period of three decades, supplemented by primary and secondary sources, this paper discusses the objectives of the invasion, identifies the principal types of gratuitous violence perpetrated by the forces of invasion and occupation against both combatants and non-combatants, and proposes explanations for the remarkable nature and scale of atrocities committed.
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来源期刊
Journal of Genocide Research
Journal of Genocide Research POLITICAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
6.70%
发文量
27
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