20世纪中欧和东欧以及国际上的妇女和工作中的性别政治:行动主义、治理和规模

Alexandra Ghiț, Veronika Helfert, Ivelina Masheva, Z. Popova, Jelena Tešija, Eszter Varsa, Susan E. Zimmermann
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本期《当代中欧和东欧杂志》汇集了一系列文章,讨论了中欧和东欧以及跨国妇女劳工活动的历史。这七项贡献是研究项目“东欧和跨国妇女劳工活动主义,从帝国时代到20世纪末”(ZARAH)中最近和正在进行的初步研究的结果。在我们的研究中,我们旨在推进长期、跨地区、综合和批判性的妇女劳动斗争史研究方法。我们的总体目标是:为建立中欧和东欧及邻近地区妇女劳工活动的年表和地图作出贡献;探讨这种激进主义的跨秩序、跨区域和跨国层面;在一个共同的概念框架内,从世界观、剧目和议程的角度构思其多样性,该框架将各种激进主义置于背景中,并从批判性的角度进行审查;以及“思考”劳工激进主义的全球历史——中欧和东欧妇女的劳工斗争(Çağatay等人,即将出版)。我们将妇女的劳工行动主义广义上定义为改善下层和工人阶级妇女及其社区的劳动条件和生活环境的行动和组织。这组文章介绍了我们围绕两个相互关联的大问题进行研究的精选元素。我们认为,在追求上述总体目标时,必须集中解决这些问题。第一个问题涉及妇女的劳动斗争与治理之间的关系。治理包括塑造机构的监管框架和表征机构“行为”的做法,从社会运动机构(包括工会、合作社、妇女和工人协会)到分层国家机构,涉及国家和/或社会运动行为者的国际网络和组织(Bereni和Revillard,2018;Caglar、Prügl和Zwingel,2013年;Shin,2016年;Storrs,2000年;Wilhoit,2017年)。换言之,我们对女性劳工激进主义的历史采取综合的方法,认为要全面了解这种激进主义,我们需要考虑三种(反复重叠和纠缠的)多样性:女性在各种“古典”社会运动中或通过各种“经典”社会运动的行动;他们的“无组织”或“自发”激进主义,这是女权主义劳工史上确立的焦点;以及妇女在社会运动激进主义范围内外参与妇女工作管理的各个层面。这样的
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Women and the gendered politics of work in Central and Eastern Europe, and internationally, in the twentieth century: activism, governance, and scale
This issue of the Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe brings together a set of articles that discuss the history of women’s labour activism in Central and Eastern Europe and transnationally. The seven contributions are the result of recent and ongoing primary research within the research project Women’s Labour Activism in Eastern Europe and Transnationally, From the Age of Empires to the Late 20th Century (ZARAH). In our research we aim to advance approaches to the history of women’s labour struggles that are long-term, transregional, integrative, and critical. Our overarching goals are: to contribute to establishing the chronology and cartography of women’ labour activism in Central and Eastern Europe and adjacent territories; to explore this activism’s crossborder, cross-regional and transnational dimensions; to conceive of its variety in terms of worldview, repertoires, and agendas within a common conceptual framework which contextualizes and examines from a critical perspective all varieties of activism; and to “think into” the global history of labour activism the labour struggles of women from Central and Eastern Europe (Çağatay et al., forthcoming). We define women’s labour activism broadly as action and organizing to improve the labour conditions and life circumstances of lower and working-class women and their communities. The cluster of articles presents selected elements of our research that revolve around two large, interrelated issues. These, we argue, must be centrally addressed when pursuing the overarching goals defined above. The first issue concerns the relationship between women’s labour struggles, on the one hand, and governance, on the other. Governance includes the regulatory frameworks that shape institutions and the practices characterizing the “behaviour” of institutions, ranging from social movement institutions (including, e.g. trade unions, cooperatives, and women’s and workers’ associations), through institutions of the layered state, to international networks and organizations that involved state and/or social movement actors (Bereni and Revillard 2018; Caglar, Prügl, and Zwingel 2013; Shin 2016; Storrs 2000; Wilhoit 2017). We pursue, in other words, an integrative approach to the history of women’s labour activism, arguing that to capture the full range of such activism, we need to consider three (repeatedly overlapping and entangled) varieties: women’s action within or via various “classical” social movements; their “unorganized” or “spontaneous” activism, a focus well established in feminist labour history; and women’s involvement – within and beyond the confines of social movement activism – with the various dimensions of how women’s work was governed. Such
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