Christoph Rehmann-Sutter, Olaf Hiort, Ulrike M Krämer, Lisa Malich, Malte Spielmann
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In this perspective article we discuss the limitations of sex as a binary concept and how it is challenged by medical developments and a better understanding of gender diversity. Recent data indicate that sex is not a simple binary classification based solely on genitalia at birth or reproductive capacity but encompasses various biological characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, and secondary sexual characteristics. The existence of individuals with differences in sex development (DSD) who do not fit typical male or female categories further demonstrates the complexity of sex. We argue that the belief that sex is strictly binary based on gametes is insufficient, as there are multiple levels of sex beyond reproductivity. We also explore the role of sex in sex determination, gene expression, brain development, and behavioural patterns and emphasize the importance of recognizing sex diversity in personalized medicine, as sex can influence disease presentation, drug response, and treatment effectiveness. Finally, we call for an inter- and transdisciplinary approach to study sex diversity and develop new categories and methodologies that go beyond a binary model.
期刊介绍:
medizinischegenetik is a scientific journal that is owned and published by the German Society of Human Genetics e.V. since 1989. The journal was founded by Prof. Jan Murken, München. Self-published until 2006, from 2007-2019 published at Springer Verlag and since 2020 at De Gruyter.
medizinischegenetik serves education and training among colleagues, the interdisciplinary exchange of knowledge in all areas of human genetics in clinics, practice, research and teaching. Each issue of the quarterly journal deals with a focus that provides a comprehensive overview of current developments in specific clinical pictures, technical developments and therapeutic approaches. All reviews are written in English language. The journal thus creates a platform for the international exchange of knowledge and increased awareness of German research activities in the scientific community.
In addition, medizinischegenetik contains information on activities in its own subject in the German-language section. This includes conference reports, association announcements, personnel matters, statements and guidelines. With health policy questions, historical retrospectives and comments on current developments, the profession takes a stand on human genetic issues in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.