Predicting favourable streams for anadromous salmon spawning and natal rearing under climate change

Successful management of imperiled anadromous salmon stocks requires understanding how salmon will respond to a changing climate across their extensive ranges. Though largely unused for anadromous salmon to date, Environmental Niche Models (ENMs) can provide a strong foundation for estimating where and how much habitat will likely remain favourable. We applied a comprehensive suite of ENM statistical approaches to five Pacific salmon species, focusing on freshwater spawning and natal rearing habitat as critical for population survival but also highly susceptible to a changing climate. We developed ENMs for spawning ranges across British Columbia (BC), Canada and western US, and projected future scenarios for BC. Projections indicated net expansion of favourable spawning habitat across species in BC, with the most change occurring by 2060. However, shifts in favourable habitat varied greatly geographically and by species, with notable reductions in coastal and southern interior streams. Our results provide a basis for identifying important changes in spawning and natal rearing habitat conditions to help inform priorities for restoration and protection actions.