An overview of the biosorption mechanism for the bioremediation of synthetic dyes using yeast cells

ABSTRACT Dye effluents are among the most polluted wastewaters that require adequate treatment before their discharge into the environment. They have multiple chemical properties that allow them great resistance to environmental conditions, such as the persistence of coloured fabric against washing, exposure to light, chemicals, and biological attacks. However, these same particularities make them hardly degradable, thereby complicating their disposal using traditional methods. The use of biosorption for the removal of dye from wastewater has emerged as a simple, effective, and ecologically technique. Diverse biomaterials are known to bind such pollutants, including natural residues, agricultural wastes and various microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and yeast. In recent decades, the use of yeast cells has received increasing attention, due to their advantages such as low-cost price, availability, and ability to remove various recalcitrant contaminants. On the other hand, their autoaggregation properties can facilitate their recuperation after treatment. The present paper explores the state of the art in the field of biosorption of dye using living, dead, and modified yeast cells. Kinetic, equilibrium models as well as the analytical methods employed in biosorption studies are also discussed. The effects of physicochemical conditions on the biosorption efficiency, including physical, chemical, and biotechnological techniques that can be utilized to increase yeast’s biosorption capacities are also highlighted. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT