From Integrated Care to Integrating Care: A Conceptual Framework of Behavioural Processes Underlying Effective Collaboration in Care.

Introduction: At all levels, effective collaboration between actors with different backgrounds lies at the heart of integrated care. Much attention has been given to the structural features underlying integrated care, but even under structurally similar circumstances, the effectiveness of collaboration varies largely.

Theory and methods: Social and organizational psychological research shows that the extent to which collaboration is effective depends on actors' behaviours. We leverage insights from these two research fields and build a conceptual framework that helps untangle the behavioural processes underlying effective collaboration.

Results: We delineate that effective collaboration can be realized when actors (1) speak up about their interests, values, and perspectives (voice behaviour), (2) listen to the information that is shared by others, and (3) thoroughly process this information. We describe these behaviours and explain the motivations and conditions driving these. In doing so, we offer a conceptual framework that can be used to explain what makes actors collaborate effectively and how collaboration can be enhanced.

Discussion and conclusion: Fostering effective collaboration takes time and adequate conditions, fitting the particular context. As this context continuously changes, the processes and conditions require continuous attention. Integrated care, therefore, actually requires a carefully designed process of integrating care.