Influence of methanolic extracts from seeds and pulp of Annona squamosa L. on osmotic and morphological fragility in human erythrocytes

Medicinal plants have been used for many years by communities to treat illnesses. The need for scientific proof of these vegetable’s curative effects is as necessary as the proof of the inexistence of toxicity related to the use of extracts with therapeutic potential. Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae), popularly known as “pinha”, “ata” or “fruta do conde”, has been used in traditional medicine for its analgesic and antitumor activities. The toxic effects attributed to this plant have also been explored as a pesticide and an insecticide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of the methanolic extract of A. squamosa seeds and pulp against human erythrocytes. Blood samples were treated with methanolic extract at different concentrations, osmotic fragility was determined using saline tension assays and morphological analyzes were performed using optical microscopy. The extracts were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for phenolic quantification. The seed’s methanolic extract showed toxicity above 50% from a concentration of 100 µg/mL, while also presenting echinocytes in the morphological analysis. The pulp’s methanolic extract did not show toxicity to red blood cells or morphological changes at the concentrations tested. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of caffeic acid in the seed extract and gallic acid in the pulp extract. The seed’s methanolic extract is toxic and the pulp’s methanolic extract showed no toxicity against human erythrocytes.