PRAFT and RPBFT: A class of blockchain consensus algorithm and their applications in electric vehicles charging scenarios for V2G networks

With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more and more popular, and the issue of vehicle to grid (V2G) energy trading is also put on the agenda. To protect the security and privacy of EVs when they trade energy with the grid, many scholars have introduced the emerging blockchain technology. However, there are few studies on the blockchain consensus algorithm for the EVs charging scenario, while the consensus is exactly the core technology in blockchain for reaching agreement in distributed systems, which to some extent determines the efficiency of V2G. Therefore, aiming at the above scenario, this paper proposes two low-complexity consensus algorithms, namely (PBFT-enabled RAFT) PRAFT and (RAFT-enable PBFT) RPBFT, which are combined the typical blockchain consensus PBFT and RAFT, and can be respectively applied to two EVs charging scenarios. In our V2G model, charging piles (CPs) and charging stations (CSs) will participate in the blockchain consensus as nodes. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, and compared with other methods, these two consensus algorithms have high scalability, low communication complexity, low storage overhead, high throughput, and low latency. Meanwhile they can also avoid the risk of Byzantine leader in RAFT. Finally, we demonstrate the two consensus algorithms in a real charging scenario, which show their transaction latency and energy consumption can well adapt to the EVs charging scenario in V2G networks.