{"title":"关于Carmichael lambda函数分布的两个问题","authors":"Paul Pollack","doi":"10.1112/mtk.12222","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Let <math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mi>λ</mi>\n <mo>(</mo>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mo>)</mo>\n </mrow>\n <annotation>$\\lambda (n)$</annotation>\n </semantics></math> denote the exponent of the multiplicative group modulo <i>n</i>. We show that when <i>q</i> is odd, each coprime residue class modulo <i>q</i> is hit equally often by <math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mi>λ</mi>\n <mo>(</mo>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mo>)</mo>\n </mrow>\n <annotation>$\\lambda (n)$</annotation>\n </semantics></math> as <i>n</i> varies. Under the stronger assumption that <math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mo>gcd</mo>\n <mo>(</mo>\n <mi>q</mi>\n <mo>,</mo>\n <mn>6</mn>\n <mo>)</mo>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mn>1</mn>\n </mrow>\n <annotation>$\\gcd (q,6)=1$</annotation>\n </semantics></math>, we prove that equidistribution persists throughout a Siegel–Walfisz-type range of uniformity. By similar methods we show that <math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mi>λ</mi>\n <mo>(</mo>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mo>)</mo>\n </mrow>\n <annotation>$\\lambda (n)$</annotation>\n </semantics></math> obeys Benford's leading digit law with respect to natural density. Moreover, if we assume Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, then Benford's law holds for the order of <i>a</i> mod <i>n</i>, for any fixed integer <math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mo>∉</mo>\n <mo>{</mo>\n <mn>0</mn>\n <mo>,</mo>\n <mo>±</mo>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mo>}</mo>\n </mrow>\n <annotation>$a\\notin \\lbrace 0,\\pm 1\\rbrace$</annotation>\n </semantics></math>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18463,"journal":{"name":"Mathematika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8000,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1112/mtk.12222","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Two problems on the distribution of Carmichael's lambda function\",\"authors\":\"Paul Pollack\",\"doi\":\"10.1112/mtk.12222\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Let <math>\\n <semantics>\\n <mrow>\\n <mi>λ</mi>\\n <mo>(</mo>\\n <mi>n</mi>\\n <mo>)</mo>\\n </mrow>\\n <annotation>$\\\\lambda (n)$</annotation>\\n </semantics></math> denote the exponent of the multiplicative group modulo <i>n</i>. We show that when <i>q</i> is odd, each coprime residue class modulo <i>q</i> is hit equally often by <math>\\n <semantics>\\n <mrow>\\n <mi>λ</mi>\\n <mo>(</mo>\\n <mi>n</mi>\\n <mo>)</mo>\\n </mrow>\\n <annotation>$\\\\lambda (n)$</annotation>\\n </semantics></math> as <i>n</i> varies. Under the stronger assumption that <math>\\n <semantics>\\n <mrow>\\n <mo>gcd</mo>\\n <mo>(</mo>\\n <mi>q</mi>\\n <mo>,</mo>\\n <mn>6</mn>\\n <mo>)</mo>\\n <mo>=</mo>\\n <mn>1</mn>\\n </mrow>\\n <annotation>$\\\\gcd (q,6)=1$</annotation>\\n </semantics></math>, we prove that equidistribution persists throughout a Siegel–Walfisz-type range of uniformity. By similar methods we show that <math>\\n <semantics>\\n <mrow>\\n <mi>λ</mi>\\n <mo>(</mo>\\n <mi>n</mi>\\n <mo>)</mo>\\n </mrow>\\n <annotation>$\\\\lambda (n)$</annotation>\\n </semantics></math> obeys Benford's leading digit law with respect to natural density. Moreover, if we assume Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, then Benford's law holds for the order of <i>a</i> mod <i>n</i>, for any fixed integer <math>\\n <semantics>\\n <mrow>\\n <mi>a</mi>\\n <mo>∉</mo>\\n <mo>{</mo>\\n <mn>0</mn>\\n <mo>,</mo>\\n <mo>±</mo>\\n <mn>1</mn>\\n <mo>}</mo>\\n </mrow>\\n <annotation>$a\\\\notin \\\\lbrace 0,\\\\pm 1\\\\rbrace$</annotation>\\n </semantics></math>.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":18463,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Mathematika\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-09-27\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1112/mtk.12222\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Mathematika\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"100\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1112/mtk.12222\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"数学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"MATHEMATICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Mathematika","FirstCategoryId":"100","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1112/mtk.12222","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATHEMATICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Two problems on the distribution of Carmichael's lambda function
Let denote the exponent of the multiplicative group modulo n. We show that when q is odd, each coprime residue class modulo q is hit equally often by as n varies. Under the stronger assumption that , we prove that equidistribution persists throughout a Siegel–Walfisz-type range of uniformity. By similar methods we show that obeys Benford's leading digit law with respect to natural density. Moreover, if we assume Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, then Benford's law holds for the order of a mod n, for any fixed integer .
期刊介绍:
Mathematika publishes both pure and applied mathematical articles and has done so continuously since its founding by Harold Davenport in the 1950s. The traditional emphasis has been towards the purer side of mathematics but applied mathematics and articles addressing both aspects are equally welcome. The journal is published by the London Mathematical Society, on behalf of its owner University College London, and will continue to publish research papers of the highest mathematical quality.