Prevention of Contrast-induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) or contrast-induced acute kidney injury has varying definitions, but in general, increased serum creatinine level by ≥ 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 µmol/L) or 1.5x of baseline value or urine output <0.5 mL/kg/h within 1-7 days after contrast media (CM) administration can be considered as CIN. CIN is one of the most common complications and is associated with increased mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Thus, risk stratification for CIN should be made and preventive strategies should be employed in which the intensity of the approach must be tailored to patient's risk profile. In all patients, adequate hydration is required, nephrotoxic medications should be discontinued, and pre-procedural high-intensity statin is recommended. In patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, IV hydration should be started 12 hours pre-procedure up until 12-24 hours after the procedure. Remote ischemic preconditioning may be performed pre-procedurally. Radial first approach for vascular access is recommended. During the procedure, low or iso-osmolar CM should be used and its volume should be limited to eGFR x 3.7. In patients at high risk for CIN, additional contrast-sparing strategies may be applied, such as using a contrast reduction system, 5 Fr catheter with no sideholes, CM dilution, limiting test injection, confirming placement using guidewire, use of stent enhancing imaging technology, using metallic/software roadmap to guide PCI, use of IVUS or dextran-based OCT, and coronary aspiration. A more advanced hydration technique based on central venous pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, or using furosemide-matched hydration, might be considered.