Prevalence and risk factors of anxiety symptoms in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder patients with metabolic syndrome

Background and objectives

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have high comorbidity with metabolic syndrome (MetS), although anxiety is prevalent comorbidity in MDD patients. However, there is no study on anxiety symptoms (AS) in MDD patients with MetS. Therefore, we aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors of AS in patients with MetS who experienced a first-episode and drug naïve (FEDN) of MDD.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 1718 FEDN of MDD outpatients with MetS were included. Sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, suicidal attempts, and physical and biochemical parameters were collected. Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale were performed to detect the AS. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation.

Results

The prevalence of AS in MDD patients with MetS was 85.96%, which was 1.79 times greater than that in patients with MDD alone (P<0.05). MDD patients with MetS had a greater rate of attempted suicide, a higher HAMD total score, and a higher diastolic blood pressure than MDD patients without AS (P<0.05). Their combination could distinguish AS in MDD patients. Moreover, HAMD score, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, PANSS positive score, and suicide attempts were related to HAMA scores in MDD patients with comorbid MetS (P<0.05).

Conclusion

There is a significant frequency of AS in MDD patients with MetS. Multiple clinical indicators and metabolic markers are associated with AS in patients with MDD and MetS.