Switching the rate and pattern of cell division for neural tube closure

ABSTRACT The morphogenetic movement associated with neural tube closure (NTC) requires both positive and negative regulations of cell proliferation. The dual requirement of cell division control during NTC underscores the importance of the developmental control of cell division. In the chordate ascidian, midline fusions of the neural ectoderm and surface ectoderm (SE) proceed in the posterior-to-anterior direction, followed by a single wave of asynchronous and patterned cell division in SE. Before NTC, SE exhibits synchronous mitoses; disruption of the synchrony causes a failure of NTC. Therefore, NTC is the crucial turning point at which SE switches from synchronous to patterned mitosis. Our recent work discovered that the first sign of patterned cell division in SE appears was an asynchronous S-phase length along the anterior-posterior axis before NTC: the asynchrony of S-phase is offset by the compensatory G2-phase length, thus maintaining the apparent synchrony of cell division. By the loss of compensatory G2 phase, the synchronized cell division harmoniously switches to a patterned cell division at the onset of NTC. Here we review the developmental regulation of rate and pattern of cell division during NTC with emphasis on the switching mechanism identified in our study.