Excusing Information-Provision Crimes in the Bureaucratic State

Few people are against moves towards participatory democracy as an end in itself: the promotion of (to cite a recent European Report) the, ‘extent to which [European] citizens believe that political decisionmaking can be influenced through their own actions’. We already live, though, in a different and less agreeable form of participatory state; and English criminal law plays an important role in creating and sustaining it. We live in a state that can be called the ‘bureaucraticparticipatory’ state.