构式选择的信息结构与语义约束平衡:建立汉语被动与类被动构式的计算模型

IF 1.8 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Cognitive Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-04-16 DOI:10.1515/cog-2019-0100
Li Liu, Ben Ambridge
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引用次数: 7

摘要

认知语言学的一个核心原则是,成年人的语言知识是由结构化的结构组成的,包括各种双论点结构,如主动结构(例如,Lizzy救了John),被动结构(例如,John被Lizzy救了)和“正面”结构(例如,John是Lizzy救的那个人)。但是,在给定话语/信息结构以及动词和结构之间的语义匹配等约束条件下,说话者如何为特定的话语选择使用哪个结构呢?本研究的目的是在普通话的双论点结构中建立这种现象的计算模型。首先,我们对60名母语人士进行了一项语法判断研究,结果表明,在57个动词中,语义影响(由另外16名母语人士确定)预测了每个动词在贝被动和巴主动结构中的相对可接受性,而不是在概念被动和SVO主动结构中。其次,为了模拟这些竞争约束的获取,我们建立了一个计算模型,该模型学习从语料库衍生的输入(信息结构+动词语义+词汇动词同一性)映射到对应于这四个结构(+“其他”)的输出表示。该模型能够预测研究1中得到的“主-主动”和“被-被动”结构中测试动词的相对可接受性判断,模型与人的相关性分别在r = 0.5和r = 0.3范围内。令人惊讶的是,当词汇动词同一性被移除时,这些相关性增加了(分别为r = 0.75和r = 0.5);也许是因为这些信息导致了训练集的过度拟合。这些发现表明了一种有趣的可能性,即习得结构涉及到遗忘,这是一种抽象特定细粒度词汇细节和特质的机制。
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Balancing information-structure and semantic constraints on construction choice: building a computational model of passive and passive-like constructions in Mandarin Chinese
Abstract A central tenet of cognitive linguistics is that adults’ knowledge of language consists of a structured inventory of constructions, including various two-argument constructions such as the active (e.g., Lizzy rescued John), the passive (e.g., John was rescued by Lizzy) and “fronting” constructions (e.g., John was the one Lizzy rescued). But how do speakers choose which construction to use for a particular utterance, given constraints such as discourse/information structure and the semantic fit between verb and construction? The goal of the present study was to build a computational model of this phenomenon for two-argument constructions in Mandarin. First, we conducted a grammaticality judgment study with 60 native speakers which demonstrated that, across 57 verbs, semantic affectedness – as determined by further 16 native speakers – predicted each verb’s relative acceptability in the bei-passive and ba-active constructions, but not the Notional Passive and SVO Active constructions. Second, in order to simulate acquisition of these competing constraints, we built a computational model that learns to map from corpus-derived input (information structure + verb semantics + lexical verb identity) to an output representation corresponding to these four constructions (+“other”). The model was able to predict judgments of the relative acceptability of the test verbs in the ba-active and bei-passive constructions obtained in Study 1, with model-human correlations in the region of r = 0.5 and r = 0.3, respectively. Surprisingly, these correlations increased (to r = 0.75 and r = 0.5 respectively) when lexical verb identity was removed; perhaps because this information leads to over-fitting of the training set. These findings suggest the intriguing possibility that acquiring constructions involves forgetting as a mechanism for abstracting across certain fine-grained lexical details and idiosyncrasies.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
17.60%
发文量
21
期刊介绍: Cognitive Linguistics presents a forum for linguistic research of all kinds on the interaction between language and cognition. The journal focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing and conveying information. Cognitive Linguistics is a peer-reviewed journal of international scope and seeks to publish only works that represent a significant advancement to the theory or methods of cognitive linguistics, or that present an unknown or understudied phenomenon. Topics the structural characteristics of natural language categorization (such as prototypicality, cognitive models, metaphor, and imagery); the functional principles of linguistic organization, as illustrated by iconicity; the conceptual interface between syntax and semantics; the experiential background of language-in-use, including the cultural background; the relationship between language and thought, including matters of universality and language specificity.
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