外层空间的国际法律制度介于“共同体”和“无主”之间

Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI:10.15407/knit2022.01.023
O. Nihreieva
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引用次数: 0

摘要

该出版物专门讨论外层空间的国际法律制度问题。作者试图确定外层空间及其资源利用关系的最佳国际法律规制模式。研究了适用于国家专属管辖权以外地区的基本国际法律制度。主要注意的是无主权、共权制度和人类共同遗产的原则。通过这些制度的棱镜以及在通常包括外层空间在内的全球公域范畴的背景下,分析了目前对外层空间探索和利用活动的国际法律规制。需要强调的是,上述范畴虽然在现代科学法律话语中广泛使用,但并没有明确的定义。鉴于公共品的概念在经济理论中得到了特殊的发展,建议在发展中制度的法律规制中考虑到这类商品的经济属性。明确了外空利用关系作为法律规制对象的特殊性和复杂性。在这方面,应拟订一种综合的和复杂的国际法律制度,将无主权、共有权和人类共同遗产的要素与具有不同自然性质因而也具有不同经济性质的外层空间物体结合起来。此外,还分析了有关形成天体资源开采和这些活动商业化的法律制度的国家和国际立法的最新趋势。它们对外空国际法律制度及其未来演变趋势的影响是确定的。强调对空间资源商业发展的新法律条例采取平衡的国家办法的重要性。
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The international legal regime of outer space between Res Communis and Res Nullius
The publication is devoted to the issue of the international legal regime of outer space. The author attempts to determine the optimal model of international legal regulation for relations regarding the utilization of outer space and its resources. The basic international legal regimes applied to areas outside the exclusive national jurisdiction are studied. The main attention is paid to the regimes of res nullius, res communis, and the principle of the common heritage of mankind. The current international legal regulation of outer space exploration and utilization activities is analyzed through the prism of these regimes, as well as in the context of the category of global commons, which often includes outer space. It is emphasized that the mentioned category, although widely used in modern scientific legal discourse, is not clearly defined. Given that the concept of public goods has received a special development in economic theory, it is proposed to take into account the economic properties of such goods in developing regimes for their legal regulation. The peculiarities and complexity of outer space utilization relations as an object of legal regulation are identified. In this regard, a comprehensive and complex international legal regime that combines elements of res nullius, res communis, and the common heritage of mankind in relation to the objects of outer space with different natural and, consequently, economic properties should be elaborated. In addition, the latest trends in national and international law-making related to the formation of a legal regime for the extraction of celestial bodies resources and the commercialization of these activities are analyzed. Their influence on the international legal regime of outer space and tendencies of its future evolution is determined. The importance of a balanced national approach to a new legal regulation of space resources commercial development is emphasized.
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