Ophthalmic Telemedicine in the Pandemic–Endemic World: Present and Future Perspectives

COVID-19 restrictions have increased the need and use of telemedicine in ophthalmology but this approach requires remote data collection and reliable technologies to ensure accurate and safe examination and diagnosis. This article reviews the existing telemedicine technologies for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and paediatric ophthalmology, and discusses their applicability in the COVID-19 era. We conducted a literature search of PubMed using telemedicine keywords for all relevant pathologies (AMD, DR and paediatric ophthalmology) to identify English-language articles published between 2001 and 2021. We assessed whether existing telemedicine technologies would meet the needs of patients under COVID-19 restrictions. Our findings showed that there are reliable existing home-monitoring technologies. However, self-operated home optical coherence tomography is still an investigational technology for AMD monitoring and is not yet available for routine use. Computerized algorithms aimed at identifying DR pathology and or deterioration in relevant parameters under investigation have shown excellent results. In paediatric ophthalmology, parents can conduct basic testing of their child's ophthalmic parameters; improvements in parental testing will require the development of quick and reliable automatic instruments. In conclusion, current technologies lend themselves to remote use for ophthalmic examination by non-professional individuals, which is particularly relevant for ophthalmic care provision in the pandemic setting. Further investigative effort is needed in order to improve home monitoring and computerized data processing.