L. Trebatická, T. Ketola, Marko Haapakoski, Annika Opperbeck, H. Ylönen
{"title":"恐惧是田鼠的一个因素吗?对捕食压力的短期生理和行为反应","authors":"L. Trebatická, T. Ketola, Marko Haapakoski, Annika Opperbeck, H. Ylönen","doi":"10.2174/1874213001003010016","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"A predator has a large impact on its prey. Besides a direct lethal effect, mere predator presence can increase stress and vigilance reflecting on prey behaviour and physiology. Such an effect should be stronger in more vulnerable prey individuals, depending e.g. on sex and reproductive status. We studied the short-term physiological response, the change in CO 2 production as a measure of metabolism, and the behavioural response in non-pregnant and pregnant bank vole Myodes glareolus females. The bank vole is a common small mammal in boreal forest environments and one of the major prey species for predators, especially small mustelids. The least weasel Mustela nivalis nivalis is a vole specialist and the only predator which can enter the tunnels of voles and their nests. Furthermore, weasels, like all mustelids, have strong scents used in social communication, and weasel odour may be used as a cue of increased risk by prey individuals. We simulated an increase in predation risk by the injection of least weasel odour into an open-flow respirometry system housing either a pregnant or non-pregnant female bank vole. We focused on immediate and post-stress response in CO 2 production and changes in female behaviour. We found that injections of pure air (\"disturbance\") or of weasel odour (\"threat\") similarly increased CO 2 production. Surprisingly, non-pregnant females responded to stress more strongly than pregnant ones, i.e. the increase in CO 2 was higher. Weasel odour increased female activity more than the injection of air. According to our prediction, after the disappearance of weasel odour there were no differences in physiological or behavioural parameters between pregnant and non-pregnant females. Contrary to our prediction, our results showed quite similar response to harmless air disturbance and the risky weasel cue. However, it may be that in a situation of sudden change in environment, regardless of its nature, a short-term vigilance response is a better response than more costly antipredatory behaviours.","PeriodicalId":39335,"journal":{"name":"Open Ecology Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2010-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"3","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Is Fear a Factor in Voles? Short Term Physiological and Behavioural Response to Predation Stress\",\"authors\":\"L. Trebatická, T. Ketola, Marko Haapakoski, Annika Opperbeck, H. Ylönen\",\"doi\":\"10.2174/1874213001003010016\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"A predator has a large impact on its prey. Besides a direct lethal effect, mere predator presence can increase stress and vigilance reflecting on prey behaviour and physiology. Such an effect should be stronger in more vulnerable prey individuals, depending e.g. on sex and reproductive status. We studied the short-term physiological response, the change in CO 2 production as a measure of metabolism, and the behavioural response in non-pregnant and pregnant bank vole Myodes glareolus females. The bank vole is a common small mammal in boreal forest environments and one of the major prey species for predators, especially small mustelids. The least weasel Mustela nivalis nivalis is a vole specialist and the only predator which can enter the tunnels of voles and their nests. Furthermore, weasels, like all mustelids, have strong scents used in social communication, and weasel odour may be used as a cue of increased risk by prey individuals. We simulated an increase in predation risk by the injection of least weasel odour into an open-flow respirometry system housing either a pregnant or non-pregnant female bank vole. We focused on immediate and post-stress response in CO 2 production and changes in female behaviour. We found that injections of pure air (\\\"disturbance\\\") or of weasel odour (\\\"threat\\\") similarly increased CO 2 production. Surprisingly, non-pregnant females responded to stress more strongly than pregnant ones, i.e. the increase in CO 2 was higher. Weasel odour increased female activity more than the injection of air. According to our prediction, after the disappearance of weasel odour there were no differences in physiological or behavioural parameters between pregnant and non-pregnant females. Contrary to our prediction, our results showed quite similar response to harmless air disturbance and the risky weasel cue. 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Is Fear a Factor in Voles? Short Term Physiological and Behavioural Response to Predation Stress
A predator has a large impact on its prey. Besides a direct lethal effect, mere predator presence can increase stress and vigilance reflecting on prey behaviour and physiology. Such an effect should be stronger in more vulnerable prey individuals, depending e.g. on sex and reproductive status. We studied the short-term physiological response, the change in CO 2 production as a measure of metabolism, and the behavioural response in non-pregnant and pregnant bank vole Myodes glareolus females. The bank vole is a common small mammal in boreal forest environments and one of the major prey species for predators, especially small mustelids. The least weasel Mustela nivalis nivalis is a vole specialist and the only predator which can enter the tunnels of voles and their nests. Furthermore, weasels, like all mustelids, have strong scents used in social communication, and weasel odour may be used as a cue of increased risk by prey individuals. We simulated an increase in predation risk by the injection of least weasel odour into an open-flow respirometry system housing either a pregnant or non-pregnant female bank vole. We focused on immediate and post-stress response in CO 2 production and changes in female behaviour. We found that injections of pure air ("disturbance") or of weasel odour ("threat") similarly increased CO 2 production. Surprisingly, non-pregnant females responded to stress more strongly than pregnant ones, i.e. the increase in CO 2 was higher. Weasel odour increased female activity more than the injection of air. According to our prediction, after the disappearance of weasel odour there were no differences in physiological or behavioural parameters between pregnant and non-pregnant females. Contrary to our prediction, our results showed quite similar response to harmless air disturbance and the risky weasel cue. However, it may be that in a situation of sudden change in environment, regardless of its nature, a short-term vigilance response is a better response than more costly antipredatory behaviours.
期刊介绍:
The Open Ecology Journal is an open access online journal which embraces the trans-disciplinary nature of ecology, seeking to publish original research articles, reviews, letters and guest edited single topic issues representing important scientific progress from all areas of ecology and its linkages to other fields. The journal also focuses on the basic principles of the natural environment and its conservation. Contributions may be based on any taxa, natural or artificial environments, biodiversity, spatial scales, temporal scales, and methods that advance this multi-faceted and dynamic science. The Open Ecology Journal also considers empirical and theoretical studies that promote the construction of a broadly applicable conceptual framework or that present rigorous tests or novel applications of ecological theory.