拉多加湖主要支流的泥沙径流和水浑浊度

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引用次数: 1

摘要

拉多加湖广阔的集水区以多种下垫面类型和复杂的水文网络为特征。拉多加湖南部沿岸地区的富营养化过程决定了评估从河流流向拉多加湖支流河口的固体物质去除的相关性。没有对拉多加湖主要支流的泥沙径流进行观测。在这方面,对于每条支流都选择了类似的河流,选择的主要标准是坡度、沉积物粒度和集水区(可用水量)。拉多加河支流年固体径流和浊度的模拟是基于M.V. Shmakova的泥沙流分析公式和M.V. Shmakova的年固体径流随机模型。根据计算,每年进入拉多加河流域的泥沙流量约为43.2万吨/年。泥沙的主要来源是拉多加湖的三条主要支流——Svir河、Volkhov河和Vuoksa河,它们每年的泥沙量为25.3万吨,占拉多加湖总泥沙量的59%。然而,这些河道的年固体流量模块最小,这是由于在这些河流上建水电站之前,回水地区的沉积物被截留,因此总输沙量减少。与此同时,拉多加湖流域的年平均固体径流模数为1.53 t/(km2·年),与之前对该地区的估算值非常吻合。对固体径流年模型的分析表明,该值的计算结果与流域固体径流形成的条件及其土壤特征有较好的对应关系。
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Sediment Runoff and Water Turbidity of the Main Tributaries of the Lake Ladoga
The vast catchment area of the Lake Ladoga is characterized by variety of underlying surface types and a complex hydrographic network. The processes of eutrophication of the southern littoral areas of the Lake Ladoga determine the relevance of assessing the removal of solid matter from the river flow to the estuaries of the tributaries of the Ladoga. Observations of sediment runoff of the main tributaries the Lake Ladoga were not carried out. In this regard, for each tributary were selected rivers-analogues the main criteria in the selection was the slope, the grain size of sediments and the catchment area (water availability). The modeling of annual solid runoff and turbidity of the Ladoga tributaries is based on an analytical formula for sediment flow by M.V. Shmakova and a stochastic model of annual solid runoff (M.V. Shmakova). According to the calculations, the annual flow of sediment entering the Ladoga water area is about 432 thousand t/year. The main sources of sediment are three major tributaries of the Lake Ladoga – the Svir, Volkhov and Vuoksa rivers, which account for 253 thousand t/year or 59 % of the total amount of sediment received in the lake. However, these watercourses have the smallest annual module solid flow, due to retention of sediment of backwater areas before hydroelectric dams on these rivers and as a consequence, a decrease in the overall sediment discharge. At the same time, the average annual solid runoff modulus for the Ladoga lake catchment area is 1.53 t/(km2·year), which corresponds well to the previous estimate of this value for the territory under consideration. The analysis of the annual module of solid runoff showed a good correspondence between the obtained values of this value and the conditions for the formation of solid runoff in the catchment, the characteristics of its soils.
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