Is There a Relationship Between Epicardial Adipose Tissue, Inflammatory Markers, and the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia?

Objectives: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a type of visceral adipose tissue with pro-inflammatory properties. We sought to examine the relationship between the EAT volume and attenuation measured on non-contrast chest computed tomography (CT), inflammation markers, and the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia.

Methods: One hundred and twenty-five patients who are over 18 years old who applied to our hospital and were found to have COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (+) on nasopharyngeal swab sample and COVID-19 pneumonia on chest CT were included in the study. At admission, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, fibrinogen, leukocytes, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, and d-dimer were evaluated. EAT volume and attenuation were measured on chest CT. Patients who were hospitalized and discharged from the ward were categorized as Group 1, whereas patients who required intensive care admission and/or died were classified as Group 2. The primary endpoint of our study was defined as death, hospitalization in the intensive care unit, and discharge. The relationship between disease severity and EAT and other inflammatory markers was investigated.

Results: One hundred and six individuals were in Group 1 and 19 patients were in Group 2. Of the 125 individuals, 46 were women and 79 were men. The mean age was 58.5±15.9 years. Group 2 patients were older. Regarding measurements of the EAT volume and attenuation; there was no statistically significant difference between the groups determined. The patients in Group 2 had statistically substantially higher values for urea, creatinine, LDH, d-dimer, troponin T, procalcitonin, CRP, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in their laboratory tests. When compared to patients in Group 1, patients in Group 2 had statistically significantly lower albumin values (p<0.001). In obese patients, EAT volume was statistically significantly higher and EAT attenuation was found to be lower.

Conclusion: In our study, no relationship was found between critical COVID-19 disease and EAT volume and attenuation, which is an indicator of EAT inflammation. Inflammatory markers from routine laboratory tests can be used to predict critical COVID-19 disease. No relationship was found between obesity and critical COVID-19 disease.