FlowDyn: A daily streamflow prediction pipeline for dynamical deep neural network applications

This paper presents a dynamical neural network framework to understand how catchment systems respond to daily rainfall-runoff processes over time. We developed an interactive Python-based deep neural network (DNN) package called FlowDyn (presented through a JS-based web platform) to simulate and forecast daily streamflow data for >180 gauging stations across the globe. Several DNN models, including long short-term memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and a hybrid network of convolutional neural network and LSTM (ConvLSTM), as well as an auto encoder (AE) model were developed and integrated into the FlowDyn pipeline to analyze and forecast sequential daily streamflow values that are embedded within a web-based application for demonstration and visualization. Inputs were gathered from different web services, including the catchment attributes and meteorology for large-sample studies (CAMELS), the national climatic data center (NCDC), and the global runoff data center (GRDC). DNN configurations were trained and tested with an average accuracy rating of 0.83 across 183 river basins globally. FlowDyn simulation and performance demonstrated that different DNN models were able to learn both regionally consistent and location-specific hydrological behaviors. Through the findings of this paper, we advocate the merit of applying FlowDyn package in the field of daily rainfall-runoff prediction at both local and global scales.