Model-Based Shared Control of a Hybrid FES-Exoskeleton: An Application in Participant-Specific Robotic Rehabilitation.

Hybrid exoskeleton, comprising an exoskeleton interfaced with functional electrical stimulation (FES) technique, is conceptualized to complement the weakness of each other in automated neuro-rehabilitation of sensory-motor deficits. The externally actuating exoskeleton cannot directly influence neurophysiology of the patients, while FES is difficult to use in functional or goal-oriented tasks. The latter challenge is largely inherited from the fact that the dynamics of the muscular response to FES is complex, and it is highly user- and state-dependent. Due to the retardation of the muscular contraction response to the FES profile, furthermore, a commonly used model-free control scheme, such as PID control, suffers performance. The challenge in FES control is exacerbated especially in the presence of the actuation redundancy between the volitional activity of the user, powered exoskeleton, and FES-induced muscle contractions. This study therefore presents trajectory tracking performance of the hybrid exoskeleton in a novel model-based hybrid exoskeleton scheme which entices user-specific FES model-predictive control.