Period-2 Thermoacoustics in a Swirl-Stabilised Partially Premixed Flame Computed Using Large Eddy Simulation

A partially premixed swirl-stabilised flame under thermoacoustically unstable conditions is studied using large eddy simulation with an unstrained flamelet model for the filtered reaction rate. The simulation results agree well with measured statistics of velocity, temperature and mixture fraction. Two thermoacoustic modes at approximately 300 and 590 Hz are excited for the case studied. The second mode pressure amplitude is comparable to that of the first mode. However, the second mode of heat release rate fluctuations is not as significant as for the pressure which results in a 2:1 frequency locking behaviour. The analysis offers insights into the physical mechanism involved in the excitation of the two modes and the 2:1 frequency locking behaviour. The index based on the Rayleigh Criterion in frequency domain is analysed to understand the coupling between the heat release rate and pressure fluctuations. It is observed that there is a nonlinear interaction between the two modes resulting in energy exchange across the two modes. The conventional Rayleigh Index has limitations in explaining the observed dynamics and therefore, a modified Rayleigh Index is defined to understand the effects of nonlinear mode interactions on thermoacoustic characteristics. A mode shape analysis using LES and acoustic-modelling reveals that the first mode may be a Helmholtz mode with internal damping that is excited by an acoustic source, and the second mode has the characteristic shape of a chamber mode.