{"title":"民族化与革命:冷战期间古巴中国移民的权力斗争","authors":"Albert Manke","doi":"10.7767/jbla-2016-0117","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"– While the history of Chinese immigrants in Cuba since 1847 has been investigated by a number of studies that have focused primarily on the coolie trade and on the immigration wave of the 1920s, the history of Chinese immigrants and their descendants in revolutionary Cuba after 1959 still remains a field of study worthy of exploration. During the first years of the Cuban revolution a class struggle developed that hit the Chinese community in Havana’s Chinatown and overlapped with the ideological and political disputes stemming from the Chinese revolution. This article shows how the struggle for power in this Chinese migrant community was shaped by the agency of its members that partly got enlisted in a “Chinese Popular Militia” and how this clash was framed by national and transnational dynamics. At the same time, the aim of this article is to elucidate whether and how ethnic identity was used as a political resource, and describes the different ways in which ethnic self-attribution on a personal level and constructions of identity on a national level entangled and interacted in this dynamic setting. This is of special interest, as the demands of national unity under the flag of a new revolutionary identity did not necessarily seem compatible with the self-attributions of individuals that also stressed their personal identity, as did many Chinese Cubans. La historia de los inmigrantes chinos en Cuba ha sido tratada por un buen número de estudios que se enfocaron principalmente en la trata de los culíes (1847–1874) y, en menor grado, en la inmigración de los años 1920.2 Sin 1 Partes de este artículo se publicaron en: Albert Manke, “Chinese in the Cuban revolution: An ethnically marked political mobilization?”: University of Cologne Forum ‘Ethnicity as a Political Resource’ (ed.), Ethnicity as a political resource. Conceptualizations across disciplines, regions, and periods (Bielefeld 2015), pp. 237–252. 2 María Isabel Chong Martínez, La migración china hacia Cuba 1850–1930 (México 1986); José Baltar Rodríguez, Los chinos de Cuba. Apuntes etnográficos (La Habana 1997). 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During the first years of the Cuban revolution a class struggle developed that hit the Chinese community in Havana’s Chinatown and overlapped with the ideological and political disputes stemming from the Chinese revolution. This article shows how the struggle for power in this Chinese migrant community was shaped by the agency of its members that partly got enlisted in a “Chinese Popular Militia” and how this clash was framed by national and transnational dynamics. At the same time, the aim of this article is to elucidate whether and how ethnic identity was used as a political resource, and describes the different ways in which ethnic self-attribution on a personal level and constructions of identity on a national level entangled and interacted in this dynamic setting. This is of special interest, as the demands of national unity under the flag of a new revolutionary identity did not necessarily seem compatible with the self-attributions of individuals that also stressed their personal identity, as did many Chinese Cubans. La historia de los inmigrantes chinos en Cuba ha sido tratada por un buen número de estudios que se enfocaron principalmente en la trata de los culíes (1847–1874) y, en menor grado, en la inmigración de los años 1920.2 Sin 1 Partes de este artículo se publicaron en: Albert Manke, “Chinese in the Cuban revolution: An ethnically marked political mobilization?”: University of Cologne Forum ‘Ethnicity as a Political Resource’ (ed.), Ethnicity as a political resource. Conceptualizations across disciplines, regions, and periods (Bielefeld 2015), pp. 237–252. 2 María Isabel Chong Martínez, La migración china hacia Cuba 1850–1930 (México 1986); José Baltar Rodríguez, Los chinos de Cuba. Apuntes etnográficos (La Habana 1997). 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引用次数: 0
摘要
-虽然自1847年以来在古巴的中国移民的历史已经被一些研究调查,主要集中在苦力贸易和20世纪20年代的移民浪潮,但中国移民及其后裔在1959年后革命古巴的历史仍然是一个值得探索的研究领域。在古巴革命的头几年里,哈瓦那唐人街的华人社区爆发了一场阶级斗争,并与中国革命引发的意识形态和政治争端重叠。这篇文章展示了这个中国移民社区的权力斗争是如何被部分加入“中国人民民兵”的成员所塑造的,以及这种冲突是如何被国家和跨国动态所框框的。同时,本文旨在阐明族群认同是否以及如何被用作一种政治资源,并描述在这一动态背景下,个人层面的族群自我归因与国家层面的族群认同建构相互纠缠和互动的不同方式。这是特别令人感兴趣的,因为在新的革命身份旗帜下的民族团结的要求似乎不一定与同样强调其个人身份的个人的自我归因相一致,正如许多华裔古巴人一样。La史学家de los inmigrantes斜纹棉布裤,古巴哈sido tratada将作为这些活动的联合国早上的工厂化,se enfocaron疾病en La trata de los culies (1847 - 1874) y, menor级,en La inmigracion de los岁1920.2罪1部分德埃斯特危象se publicaron en:阿尔伯特·让“中国在古巴革命:一个种族标志着政治动员吗?:科隆大学论坛“族裔作为政治资源”(编),族裔作为政治资源。跨学科、地区和时期的概念化(Bielefeld 2015),第237-252页。2 María Isabel Chong Martínez, La migración中国哈瓦那1850-1930(1986年);josore Baltar Rodríguez, Los chinos de Cuba。Apuntes etnográficos (La Habana 1997)。凯瑟琳López escribió la primera visión en conjunto sobre los chinos在古巴进入1847年的决赛
Etnización y revolución: La lucha por el poder entre los inmigrantes chinos en Cuba durante la Guerra Fría
– While the history of Chinese immigrants in Cuba since 1847 has been investigated by a number of studies that have focused primarily on the coolie trade and on the immigration wave of the 1920s, the history of Chinese immigrants and their descendants in revolutionary Cuba after 1959 still remains a field of study worthy of exploration. During the first years of the Cuban revolution a class struggle developed that hit the Chinese community in Havana’s Chinatown and overlapped with the ideological and political disputes stemming from the Chinese revolution. This article shows how the struggle for power in this Chinese migrant community was shaped by the agency of its members that partly got enlisted in a “Chinese Popular Militia” and how this clash was framed by national and transnational dynamics. At the same time, the aim of this article is to elucidate whether and how ethnic identity was used as a political resource, and describes the different ways in which ethnic self-attribution on a personal level and constructions of identity on a national level entangled and interacted in this dynamic setting. This is of special interest, as the demands of national unity under the flag of a new revolutionary identity did not necessarily seem compatible with the self-attributions of individuals that also stressed their personal identity, as did many Chinese Cubans. La historia de los inmigrantes chinos en Cuba ha sido tratada por un buen número de estudios que se enfocaron principalmente en la trata de los culíes (1847–1874) y, en menor grado, en la inmigración de los años 1920.2 Sin 1 Partes de este artículo se publicaron en: Albert Manke, “Chinese in the Cuban revolution: An ethnically marked political mobilization?”: University of Cologne Forum ‘Ethnicity as a Political Resource’ (ed.), Ethnicity as a political resource. Conceptualizations across disciplines, regions, and periods (Bielefeld 2015), pp. 237–252. 2 María Isabel Chong Martínez, La migración china hacia Cuba 1850–1930 (México 1986); José Baltar Rodríguez, Los chinos de Cuba. Apuntes etnográficos (La Habana 1997). Kathleen López escribió la primera visión en conjunto sobre los chinos en Cuba entre 1847 y finales