Formation conditions of wave-type flows at stilling basins with a drop

In this study, formation conditions of maximum and minimum wave-type jumps are experimentally investigated. A total of 110 wave-type jump experiments are carried out. Experiments are conducted for several discharges, supercritical upstream and subcritical downstream water depths, and drop heights. According to the experimental results, the effective parameters on wave-type jumps are the upstream Froude number and the relative drop height. As the classical hydraulic jump equation is not sufficient to define conjugate depths of wave-type flow, empirical equations are presented for defining conjugate depths for both maximum and minimum wave- type jumps for which no sufficient experimental data is present in the available literature, and the agreement between the calculated and measured conjugate depths is found to be good. It is revealed that the value of the lower limit for the upstream Froude number is not constant for the formation of the maximum wave jump, and it depends on the relative drop height. Furthermore, experimental results of this study showed that energy dissipation ratios of maximum and minimum wave-type jumps are equal or larger than those of the classical hydraulic jumps. For this reason, wave-type jumps may be preferred at stilling basins with drops along with A-jumps.