帆船战舰

IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q3 HISTORY JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY Pub Date : 2019-02-27 DOI:10.1093/obo/9780199791279-0184
Andrew D. Lambert
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引用次数: 0

摘要

专门为战争而设计和建造的帆船,而不是由现有的商业船只改装而成的,使用了300多年。随着时间的推移,它们从能力有限、续航能力较低的相对简单的船只演变为高度复杂的环球航行船只,配备巨大而复杂的帆具,通过大量生产的索具块工作,配备标准化的大炮,发射实心炮弹和爆炸炮弹。这一不断演变的过程是由国际竞争、战略需求和无数战争的经验推动的。帆船在16、17和18世纪的帝国冲突中占主导地位。在作为主导武器系统三百年之后,19世纪30年代出现了配有发射炮弹大炮的明轮蒸汽战舰,这给大型帆船战舰的未来带来了疑问。直到19世纪50年代,它们一直在舰队战争和海洋巡航中占据主导地位,当时安装了蒸汽机械,驱动水下螺旋螺旋桨,使木制军舰能够将帆下的战略机动性与蒸汽下的战术敏捷性结合起来。在十年内,木制蒸汽战舰不仅使帆船战舰过时,而且还被铁壳装甲战舰所取代。与使用帆船的战争和战斗相反,对帆船的研究一直被设计和技术历史所主导,这可能低估了政治、经济、文化和战略问题的重要性,而后一个领域的作品往往认为帆船的技术发展很少,不同国家的军舰实际上是相同的。在20世纪初,当许多剩余的帆船战舰被处置时,最初的兴趣集中在一些标志性的船只,建造技术和船舶清单的编制上。1947年,特拉法加老将法国74号杜格-特鲁因号(1805年11月更名为HMS Implacable)被击沉后,人们的兴趣重新燃起。这艘船的一部分、船尾的画廊和船头被保存下来,在格林威治的国家海事博物馆展出。这一领域的研究始于当代造船师对船舶设计的早期研究,他们急于确立自己的专业地位,记录自己的成功,或者教育下一代。这些信息被海军历史学家用来寻找参与战斗的船只的准确细节,以确定对方部队的实力;这导致了清单的编制,随着历史学家提出更多探索性问题,清单变得越来越详细。
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Sailing Warships
Purpose-built sailing warships, designed and constructed specifically for war rather than modified from existing commercial vessels, were used for more than three hundred years. Over time they evolved from relatively simple craft with limited capabilities and low endurance into highly sophisticated world-girdling vessels setting vast, complex sailing rigs and working through mass-produced rigging blocks, armed with standardized cannons, firing solid shot and exploding shells. This process of constant evolution was driven by international rivalries, strategic requirement, and the experience of numerous wars. Sailing warships dominated the imperial conflicts of 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. After three hundred years as a dominant weapon system, the emergence of paddle wheel steam warships in the 1830s, armed with shell-firing cannons, called into question the future of the large sailing warship. They remained dominant in fleet warfare and oceanic cruising until the 1850s, when the installation of steam machinery driving a submerged screw propeller enabled wooden warships to combine strategic mobility under sail with tactical agility under steam. Within a decade, not only had the wooden screw steam warship rendered the sailing warship obsolete, but also it had been, in turn, overtaken by iron-hulled armored warships. Studies of sailing warships, as opposed to the wars and battles in which they were used, have been dominated by design and technical histories, which could undervalue the importance of political, economic, cultural, and strategic issues, while works in the latter fields tend to assume that the sailing warships underwent little technical development and that those of different nations were effectively identical. Initial interest in the early 1900s, when many of the remaining sailing warships were disposed of, focused on a few iconic vessels, the technology of construction, and the compilation of ship lists. Interest renewed after 1947, when the Trafalgar veteran French 74 Duguay-Trouin, which became HMS Implacable in November 1805, was scuttled. Part of the ship, the stern galleries, and the figurehead were saved and are on display at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich. Research in this field began with older studies of naval design penned by contemporary naval architects, anxious to establish their professional status, record their successes, or teach the rising generation. This information was used by naval historians seeking accurate details of ships engaged in battle to ascertain the strength the opposing forces; this led to the compilation of lists, which became increasingly detailed as historian asked more searching questions.
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