An Ownership Framework for Managers' Accelerated Seo Decisions: The Importance of Connected Institutional Investors in the Reit Industry

Executive Summary. In this paper, we present a mathematical simulation of a secondary equity offer (SEO) decision that captures the payoffs for investors with either low (e.g., actively managed funds) or high (e.g., passive index investors) monitoring costs. The calibrated solutions are consistent with overvalued SEOs being issued when institutions with high monitoring costs are present. Institutions with low monitoring costs either incentivize management to issue fairly priced SEOs or lead to greater ex post discipline of the CEO for value decreasing issuances. The existence of institutions with business relationships creates uncertainty regarding the value of SEOs. Ownership network alliances are beneficial.