隧道火灾时的通风控制问题

Peter Sturm, Michael Beyer, Mehdi Rafiei
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引用次数: 20

摘要

通风系统的正常运行对隧道安全起着至关重要的作用。首先,通风系统需要提供可接受的空气质素,以确保隧道使用者的安全通行。此外,在发生烟雾或火灾事件时,它需要提供适宜的环境和便利的救援条件。虽然完成第一项任务(正常运行),即提供足够的新鲜空气,相对简单,但处理第二项问题却引起了相当大的争论,因为在紧急火灾期间,确定隧道通风的最佳方法并不总是很清楚。尽管自20世纪60年代初以来就进行了隧道防火试验,尽管在早期的国家和国际指南中提出了防火通风的主题,但直到20世纪90年代发生了几起重大火灾事件,人们才对防火通风产生了相对较少的兴趣。当时存在的隧道通风系统和通风方法在正常运行情况下运行良好,但在火灾通风时失效。目前,火灾时通风系统的设计和运行(俗称“防火通风”)是一个重要的课题。虽然设计可能会遵循既定的原则,但问题是,“如何在火灾发生时控制隧道通风?”的观点颇有争议。本文讨论了火灾通风的方法,重点讨论了方法本身以及对传感器和控制技术的要求。
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On the problem of ventilation control in case of a tunnel fire event

The proper operation of a ventilation system plays a key role in tunnel safety. Foremost, the ventilation system needs to provide acceptable air quality for the safe passage of tunnel users. Further, it needs to provide tenable environment and to facilitate rescue conditions during a smoke or fire event. While accomplishing the first task (normal operation), i.e. providing sufficient fresh air, is relatively straightforward, dealing with the second issue is the subject of considerable debate since defining the best means to ventilate a tunnel during a fire emergency is not always clear.

Although fire tests in tunnels have been performed since the early 1960s, and although the topic of fire ventilation was raised in early national and international guidelines, relatively little interest was given to fire ventilation until several big fire events occurred in the 1990s. The tunnel ventilation systems and ventilation methodologies existing at that time proved to work well under normal operation, but failed during fire ventilation. Nowadays, the design and operation of the ventilation system during fire incidents (commonly called ‘fire ventilation’) is a major topic. While the design might follow the well-established principles, the question, ‘how to control tunnel ventilation during a fire event?’, is quite controversial. This paper discusses methods of fire ventilation with a focus on the methodologies themselves as well as on the requirements for sensors and control technologies.

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