Utility and cost–effectiveness of 3D-printed materials for clinical use

This review summarizes the utility of 3D-printing as a surgical adjunct, reviewing the cost–effectiveness. The relevant literature was analyzed outlining the utility and/or cost–effectiveness of 3D-printing for clinical use. Compared with existing methods, the evidence suggests an advantage of using 3D-printing as a technology in the treatment of complex clinical cases. However, in high frequency cases, the additional preoperative expenses are not justified. Considerable evidence of its clinical benefits exists for the application of 3D-printed anatomical models and teaching tools. However, the evidence supporting 3D-printing’s use as surgical guides or implantable devices is less clear. Furthermore, caution must exist when using these devices in the clinical setting due to a paucity of rigorous testing, global regulation and long-term data.