Ceramic nanomaterials: Preparation and applications in osteoporosis and bone tissue regeneration

The lives and well-being of individuals have been greatly impacted by bone defects brought on by trauma, tumors, genetic disorders, osteoporosis, etc. Also, in the past few decades, the world's aging population has increased the need for nanotechnology to treat trauma-related bone diseases and tissue damage. To successfully imitate the structures seen in naturally occurring systems, nanoengineered systems can now do so. Hence, much focus and effort have been spent in the last decade on nanotechnology, especially nanomaterials. Ceramic nanomaterials have been widely used in tissue repair and engineering due to their high biocompatibility and reactivity. This review aims to identify and discuss the properties, applications in osteoporosis and bone tissue regeneration, mechanism of action, biocompatibility, drawbacks, and future scopes of a few ceramic nanomaterials, i.e., calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, mesoporous silica, and bioactive glass. Images reproduced from sources: Adobe Stock, Wikimedia commons, Vecteezy, and iStock under creative commons (with free-to-reuse permission for noncommercial purposes).