公路土工系统中铅化合物对土壤污染过程的地理信息建模

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These are models of spatial distribution of heavy metals in the atmospheric air, soil, «soil-plant system». Results: working out the provisions of the methodology took place at the test area. This area has plain fluvio-glacial and fluvial relief, close to the surface of the groundwater, the presence of wetlands, the soils are preferably of light mechanical composition with acid reaction and fulvatic type of humus, that are typical for the mixed forest zone. The modeling process is divided into two stages: 1. determining the amount of lead compounds brought in over a period of time and 2. determination of the number of lead compounds that have been removed from soil or removed from migration flows the same time period. At each stage, models and tools supported obtaining, storing data, analyzing and displaying results of modeling. During the modeling process, we determined the total number of lead compounds coming per unit of time into the geosystem. First of all, we have identified the number of lead compounds entering the atmospheric surface from vehicles as the main source of emissions. We used an atmospheric impurity scattering model and obtained a mapping of the distribution of lead compounds in the near-earth layers of atmospheric air at dangerous wind speeds. In the next step, we determined the amount of lead compounds that reach the soil surface. The constructed surface, reflecting the spatial characteristics and intensities of the primary contamination field, became the basis for modeling the “soil cleaning processes”, following the main migration scenarios: lateral, radial and biogenic migration processes. For next step of modeling, we used a method that calculates soil loss (and, accordingly, lead compounds) from the site due to erosion processes. The number of lead compounds recovered from soils during lateral migration was determined. The results showed that in the test site geosystems, natural factors create conditions for the slow lateral migration. Closed negative landforms were geosystems with the highest probability of accumulation. The next step was to determine the migration intensity of soluble forms of lead in soils during radial migration. We determined that due to the liming, these soils show a \"very low\" intensity of metal migration and, accordingly, a \"low\" risk of contamination of plants. Preferably this relates to the accumulation of soluble lead compounds in concentrator plants. In the next step, the amount of lead compounds that were transferred from soil to plants within the farmland was calculated. Scientific novelty: as a result of the step-by-step implementation of the methodology of modeling, a series of digital maps were created and areas with different levels of soil contamination (or self-cleaning) speed were determined. 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引用次数: 2

摘要

本文提出了公路土工系统土壤重金属污染的地理信息建模方法。公路土工系统中污染物的永久污染和再分配过程给土壤污染程度和污染速度的确定带来了困难。利用土壤重金属污染的地理信息建模方法可以解决这一问题。该方法允许您设置污染场的空间参数和污染过程的速度。本工作的目的是在混交林带土壤中铅化合物的实例上测试该方法。该方法使用地理信息和数学模型。这些模型描述了铅化合物在形成污染场时的行为。这些是重金属在大气、土壤、“土壤-植物系统”中的空间分布模型。结果:在测试区域制定了方法学的规定。该地区有平原的河流-冰川和河流起伏,接近地下水表面,有湿地,土壤的机械成分较轻,具有酸性反应,腐殖质为富营养型,是典型的混交林带。建模过程分为两个阶段:1。测定在一段时间内引入铅化合物的量;测定同一时期从土壤中移除或从迁移流中移除的铅化合物的数量。在每个阶段,模型和工具支持获取、存储数据、分析和显示建模结果。在建模过程中,我们确定了每单位时间进入地球系统的铅化合物总数。首先,我们已经确定了车辆进入大气表面的铅化合物的数量,这是主要的排放源。我们使用了大气杂质散射模型,并获得了在危险风速下大气近地层中铅化合物的分布图。下一步,我们确定到达土壤表面的铅化合物的数量。构建的地表反映了一次污染场的空间特征和强度,成为模拟“土壤清洁过程”的基础,主要迁移场景包括:横向迁移、径向迁移和生物源迁移。对于下一步的建模,我们使用了一种方法来计算由于侵蚀过程导致的土壤流失(以及相应的铅化合物)。测定了在横向迁移过程中从土壤中恢复的铅化合物的数量。结果表明,在试验场地质系统中,自然因素为缓慢的侧向运移创造了条件。封闭负地貌是最有可能成藏的地质系统。下一步是确定在径向迁移过程中土壤中铅的可溶性形式的迁移强度。我们确定,由于石灰化,这些土壤显示出“非常低”的金属迁移强度,因此,植物污染的“低”风险。这最好与选矿厂中可溶性铅化合物的积累有关。下一步,计算从土壤转移到农田内植物中的铅化合物的数量。科学新颖性:由于建模方法的逐步实施,创建了一系列数字地图,并确定了不同土壤污染水平(或自清洁)速度的区域。我们已经确定了在混合林带的典型条件下,在现有人为负荷水平下可以自我清洁的区域。我们已经确定了铅污染对农业生产有潜在危险的地区。实际的重要性。该方法可适用于任何重金属和其他物理地理条件。它允许在生态管理项目中实施建模,以确定公路地质系统中人为负荷的最佳水平。
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Geoinformation modeling of soil pollution processes by lead compounds in highway geosystems
In this paper, we have worked out a method of geoinformation modeling of soil pollution by heavy metals in highway geosystems. Permanent process of contamination and redistribution of pollutants in highway geosystems causes difficulties in determining the degree of soil pollution and the speed of this process. This problem can be solved when using the method of geoinformation modeling of pollution by heavy metals compounds of soil. The method allows you to set the spatial parameters of the contamination field and the speed of the contamination process. The goal of the work is to test the method on the examples of lead compounds in the soils of the mixed forest zone. The methodology uses geoinformation and mathematical models. These models describe the behavior of lead compounds when forming the contamination field. These are models of spatial distribution of heavy metals in the atmospheric air, soil, «soil-plant system». Results: working out the provisions of the methodology took place at the test area. This area has plain fluvio-glacial and fluvial relief, close to the surface of the groundwater, the presence of wetlands, the soils are preferably of light mechanical composition with acid reaction and fulvatic type of humus, that are typical for the mixed forest zone. The modeling process is divided into two stages: 1. determining the amount of lead compounds brought in over a period of time and 2. determination of the number of lead compounds that have been removed from soil or removed from migration flows the same time period. At each stage, models and tools supported obtaining, storing data, analyzing and displaying results of modeling. During the modeling process, we determined the total number of lead compounds coming per unit of time into the geosystem. First of all, we have identified the number of lead compounds entering the atmospheric surface from vehicles as the main source of emissions. We used an atmospheric impurity scattering model and obtained a mapping of the distribution of lead compounds in the near-earth layers of atmospheric air at dangerous wind speeds. In the next step, we determined the amount of lead compounds that reach the soil surface. The constructed surface, reflecting the spatial characteristics and intensities of the primary contamination field, became the basis for modeling the “soil cleaning processes”, following the main migration scenarios: lateral, radial and biogenic migration processes. For next step of modeling, we used a method that calculates soil loss (and, accordingly, lead compounds) from the site due to erosion processes. The number of lead compounds recovered from soils during lateral migration was determined. The results showed that in the test site geosystems, natural factors create conditions for the slow lateral migration. Closed negative landforms were geosystems with the highest probability of accumulation. The next step was to determine the migration intensity of soluble forms of lead in soils during radial migration. We determined that due to the liming, these soils show a "very low" intensity of metal migration and, accordingly, a "low" risk of contamination of plants. Preferably this relates to the accumulation of soluble lead compounds in concentrator plants. In the next step, the amount of lead compounds that were transferred from soil to plants within the farmland was calculated. Scientific novelty: as a result of the step-by-step implementation of the methodology of modeling, a series of digital maps were created and areas with different levels of soil contamination (or self-cleaning) speed were determined. We have identified areas that can be self-cleaning under conditions typical of the mixed forest zone with the existing level of anthropogenic loading. We have identified areas that are potentially dangerous for agricultural production by lead contamination. Practical importance. This method can be applied to any heavy metal and other physical and geographical conditions. It allows to implement modeling in projects of ecological management, to determine the optimum level of anthropogenic load within highway geosystems.
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