德意志民主共和国教会与国家的关系:理论原则与实际应用

Anke Silomon
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摘要

1969年,以马克思主义为意识形态的民主德国领导人建立了自己的教会联盟,迫使德国福音派教会(EKB)分裂。从那时起,德意志民主共和国的新教徒必须为德意志民主共和国的新福音派教会联盟(BEK)确定工作场所和活动领域,同时确定其在明确的无神论国家中的地位和走向。德意志民主共和国对国家和政党的领导——要求垄断对社会现实的解释和创造——不得不面对新教教会作为一个外来因素的存在,它实际上根本不应该存在。本文概述了德意志民主共和国国家与教会之间以及两个德意志国家之间关系中最重要的事件和转折点,表明了政治现实和敌对意识形态是以何种方式进入实践的。两个教会如何处理强加给他们的限制和限制,最终取决于他们自己的力量。对于民主德国,BEK并没有在共识专政(Konsensdiktatur)中选择一个明确的立场,而是在每个情况下做出决定,从而在适应与拒绝之间,在与德国社会主义统一党(SED)体系的合作与对抗之间摇摆不定。
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Relations entre Église et État dans la République Démocratique Allemande : principes théoriques et applications pratiques
By founding their own church federation in 1969, the GDR leaders, whose ideology was supposed to be marxism, enforced the division of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKB). Ever since then, the protestants in the GDR had to define the working ground and fields of activity for the new confederation of evangelical churches (BEK) in the GDR and at the same time its place in and towards the explicitly atheistical state. The GDR's leadership of state and party-demanding the monopoly in the interpretation and creation of the social reality-had to face the existence of the protestant church as an alien element, which actually was not supposed to exist at all. An outline of the most important events and turning points in the relationship between state and church in the GDR and between the two German states shows in which way the political realities and the antagonistic ideologies came into practice. How the two churches handled the restrictions and limitations forced upon them finally depended on their own force. Regarding the GDR, the BEK did not choose a clear-cut stand in the Dictatorship of consensus (Konsensdiktatur), but decided in each case, thus oscillating between adaptation and refusal, between cooperation and confrontation with the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) system.
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