Comorbidity of executive dysfunction, ADHD and opiate dependence: implication for treatment improvement

There is evidence of the occurrence of executive dysfunction (ED) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among opiate dependents. However, the nature of this relationship and its impact on treatment outcome in this population has not been sufficiently examined. This article speculates on the individual and combined influence of ED and ADHD on treatment response among opiate dependents, examines the implications of these associations for developing novel interventions, and suggests associated workforce development and research priorities.