A toroidal angle-resolving electron spectrometer for surface studies

An electron spectrometer with toroidal geometry has been developed which enables angularly resolved spectra to be obtained simultaneously at a large number of angles. This reduces data acquisition times by a factor of 100 and makes accessible many experiments on surfaces and interfaces which involve reactive materials or which require long experiment times. Photoelectron spectra of gases are presented which demonstrate the analyzer's energy and angular resolution showing it to be more than adequate for surface studies.