The Silk, Versatile Material for Biological, Optical, and Electronic Fields: Review

Silk, seen as a material, is a fiber made from silkworm cocoons and spiders. They have 8 standard structural components and hierarchical structures. Different manufacturing 9 techniques allow obtaining silk in films, fibers, hydrogels, microspheres, and sponges. We can 10 tune the properties through the structure of secondary proteins. The paper explores the 11 application in biomedical, optics, and electronic fields by analyzing the technological trend. graft, graft, group rats, by using in the mucous between hard palate of right jaw and alveolar scaffold mixing an aqueous silk fibroin solution, refined, granular hydroxyapatite at 10: 1 509 sterilized by with gamma rays after freeze-drying three days. pretreated scaffold was to and grafted into the created The mucosa was sutured using Inspections were carried out every four weeks from the fourth to the to verify the state of growth of the new tissues. used different types of analysis, visual analysis, tissue analysis, and CT of the 513 bone defect; in the they used the Western Blot technique to verify the degree of bone generation. The found that mature osteoids appear at the eighth week and only at the twelfth week, observed through the bone tissue analysis, forming bone cells. Moreover, observed that in the samples in which the scaffolds were present, the generation was faster, and there was constant ossification in all parts of the defect, including the center. The new bone is generated via two processes, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction, and center of the bone defect. equipped with carbon nanotubes to provide further toughness and PEDOT: PSS electrically enhance it. Electro- 821 tendon subjected to tests for more than 40,000 flexion-elongation cycles, it turned out tough and durable. It 822 did not show variations in conductivity; mounted on a robot enabled the finger to handle different objects. This 823 tendon represents the most suitable solution for solving the need for a robotic finger to have the same fiber for both 824 the transmission of activation and detection signals. In the experiment reported, the researchers used biobased 825 carbons as a conductive filler to make SF biomaterial conductive [144]. They obtained this material called hydro 826 char [145] from the aqueous thermochemical process (HTP) that transforms the biomass into a carbonaceous solid 827 (biocarbon-HC). Then they converted it, by physical activation, into conductive biobased carbon. By acting on 828 the HTP parameters, it is possible to adjust their nanostructure and their chemical functionality. The bio-based 829 carbon can be rapidly doped with polar functionalities, adding oxygen and nitrogen, promoting dispersion in 830 silk fiber suspensions. They studied the effects produced by the variation of the dopant elements. Bio-based 831 carbons thus obtained dissolve in formic acid with CaCl2 silk fibers to produce thin films. The films are flexible 832 and stretchable at room temperature and humidity of 50%. The tests carried out showed that the mechanical 833 properties improve due to the presence of carbon nano materials. The resistivity of these films is lower than 834 those produced without resorting to the thermo chemical process. These materials show good cytocompatibility 835 due to the absence of toxic solvents. From the molecular dynamic simulations, a good conductivity has emerged 836 without causing significant changes in its secondary structure or the bonds with hydrogen. The results obtained 837 highlight the possibility of getting bio-based carbons with different morphologies and properties starting from 838 biomass with other biochemical parameters such as temperature, water biomass ratio, and reaction time. 839 The fields of application are different from biomedicine to electronics. 840 electrons from the electrolyte to conductive polymers. From 4th to 7th, sensitivity 943 remained unchanged; to 10th connections deteriorated, and it was no longer possible to detect its behavior. These 944 results suggest replacing transitional devices to monitor phenomena where a short observation period is required.