A shallow layer laboratory model of large-scale atmospheric circulation

A new shallow layer laboratory model of global atmospheric circulation is realised and studied by experiments and numerical simulations. A shallow rotating cylindrical fluid layer of 30 mm thickness and 690 mm diameter, with a localised heater at the bottom periphery and localised cooler in the central part of the upper boundary is considered. The rim heater imitates the equator heating and disc cooler – the North pole cooling. The flow transforms from the Hadley-like regime to the baroclinic wave regime through transitional states. The decrease in the thermal Rossby number for the fixed value of Taylor number results in the regularisation of the baroclinic waves. All wave regimes, even with regular wave structures, are characterised by strong non-periodic fluctuations. The observed baroclinic wave structures are a combination of temporarily evolving different baroclinic modes. The important outcome of the shallow layer model is a realisation of the Earth-like meridional three-cell structure. It is shown that the three-cell structure with analogs of polar, Ferrel and Hadley cells exist only in a limited range of parameters. A comparison of the results for the water and silicon oil demonstrated that the physical properties of the fluid can have a strong impact on the baroclinic wave structure.