拉脱维亚城市湖泊治理发展:迈向复杂方法管理实践

K. Konkovs, R. Ernsteins
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引用次数: 0

摘要

拉脱维亚有相当数量的湖泊,最终甚至超过1万个湖泊,因为它们从未被完全计算在内,但只有相对较少的湖泊受到湖泊治理,因为整个国家湖泊治理体系仍在发展中,目前大多数市政当局本身正在逐步制定和实现湖泊管理计划,但市政能力差异很大。根据欧盟水框架指令,拉脱维亚建立了四个流域管理体系,有相关的水和风险管理文件,并且在过去十年中,制定了国家和区域一级的湖泊和河流水体管理规划指南,但所有这些都没有在当地实践中使用,存在一些法律责任和管理能力的缺陷。尽管如此,湖泊的水质和社会经济用途改善缓慢,但在湖泊管理实践中还有更多工作要做,同时考虑到气候变化。本研究的目的是研究市级湖泊管理实践的发展,运用一般研究与开发(R&D)框架方法,重点研究三个治理维度的现状和发展趋势:社会生态系统(SES)方法的就业-治理内容,主要利益相关者参与和参与的治理环节,以及一套治理工具,特别是:机构/行政的。选定的试点城市采用了多种成功的湖泊管理方法,在第一研究阶段,使用案例研究(CSR)方法,进行了文件分析和与相关市政专家的半结构化访谈。即使在拉脱维亚的大多数城市,特别是在农村城市,也有公认的五种湖泊管理办法,湖泊管理传统上是由为数不多的城市领土行政单位和公用事业部门/服务部门进行的,只有特别研究过的为数不多的城市发展并雇用自然资源/环境部门进行湖泊管理。只有少数几个城市设立了专门的城市湖泊管理机构。一些城市采用的NGO部门管理方法看起来很有前途,无论是自上而下还是自下而上的机构选择应用,但大多数观点可以被认为是复杂的方法(跨部门)管理实践,其中大多数或所有上述方法在特定的城市内结合并互补支持。所有被研究的城市都有一定的湖泊管理成功案例,需要进一步详细研究,然而,总的来说,可以看到对SES方法的理解和利用仍然有限,各种利益相关者的参与和所有补充性治理工具的积极发展仍然存在潜力,甚至许多工具在被研究的城市都是可用的,但是湖泊通信工具(信息,教育/培训,参与和湖泊友好行为)大多不发达。
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Municipal Lake governance Developments in Latvia: Towards Complex Approach Management Practice
Latvia has a significant number of lakes, even eventually more as 10 000 as they never been fully accounted, but just comparatively small number are subject to lake governance, since the entire national lake governance system is still under development and currently mostly municipalities themselves are step-wise developing and realising lake management plans, but municipal capacities vary significantly. According to EU Water framework directive, there are four river basin management systems established in Latvia, having related water and risk management documents in place, as well as, in the past decade, there have been both national and regional level planning guidelines developed for lake and river waterbodies management, but all mentioned has been not yet utilized in local practice, having some legal responsibilities’ and admin capacities’ deficiencies. Despite this, there has been seen slow improvement of the water quality and socio-economic usage of lakes, but more in the lake management practice is to be done, accounting also for climate change. The goal of this research was to study the municipal level lake management practice developments, applying general research-and-development (R&D) framework approach and researching particularly the status and development trends of the three governance’s dimensions’ employment – governance content by socio-ecological system (SES) approach, governance segments as for main stakeholders’ involvement and participation, as well as, the set of governance instruments, especially, institutional/administrative ones. There were chosen pilot municipalities, having diverse and successful lake management approaches utilised, and, for the first study stage, document analysis and semi-structured interviews with related municipal specialists were done, using case study research (CSR) methodology application. There were recognized five lake management approaches, even in most municipalities in Latvia, particularly in rural ones, lake management is traditionally done by the scarce municipal territory administrative units and Utilities departments/services, and, only limited number of municipalities, also particularly studied, have developed and are employing for lake management also nature resource/environmental departments, while only in few municipalities there are established special municipal lake management agencies. Promising looks NGO sector management approach used by some municipalities, both top-down either bottom-up establishment chosen to apply, but as most perspective could be recognised complex approach (cross-sector) management practice, where most or all above mentioned approaches are combined and complementary supporting each other, within particular municipality. All studied municipalities possess certain lake management success stories, to be studied further in very detail, however, in general, there is to be seen still limited understanding and utilisation of the SES approach, also still potential of various stakeholder’s involvement and pro-active development of all complementary governance instruments, even many of instruments are available in studied municipalities, but lake communication instruments (information, education/training, participation and lake-friendly behaviour) are mostly underdeveloped.
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