Renaldi Suhendra, R. Takahashi, A. Imai, Hinako Sato, N. Setiawan, A. Agangi
{"title":"印度尼西亚中爪哇陆乌洛变质杂岩中砂金的主要来源","authors":"Renaldi Suhendra, R. Takahashi, A. Imai, Hinako Sato, N. Setiawan, A. Agangi","doi":"10.1111/rge.12300","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Luk Ulo Metamorphic Complex, Central Java is a product of the Cretaceous subduction and accretion, and includes diverse types of protoliths. Two‐types of primary mineralization have been recognized in this area, namely, (1) seafloor basalt‐hosted massive sulfide mineralization and (2) low‐grade metamorphic rocks‐hosted vein type mineralization. Later erosion of these types of primary mineralization formed placer gold deposits along rivers. However, the source has never been identified. Thus, this study aims at understanding the source of placer gold, the characteristics of the primary mineralization, and the tectonic evolution of the study area on the basis of mineralogy, mineral chemistry, whole‐rock geochemistry, and sulfur isotope analyses. Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)‐type mineralization was identified in the seafloor basalt and few deep‐sea sedimentary rocks, and both the ores and host rocks preserved pre‐metamorphic textures and minerals. The characteristics of this VMS‐type mineralization include (1) crustiform quartz veins with pyrite cutting the host rocks, (2) zonation of local silicification to interlayered chlorite/smectite‐chlorite‐laumontite‐calcite‐epidote alteration from central to outer zone, (3) pyrite‐dominated ores with minor amounts of arsenian pyrite, chalcopyrite, and marcasite, (4) unmetamorphosed host rocks and ores, and (5) sulfur isotope signature with a median δ34S of +3.1‰ suggesting sulfur derived from magmatic source and/or sulfur extracted from basaltic rocks with a small contribution of biogenic sulfur. On the other hand, low‐grade metamorphic rocks‐hosted vein type mineralization was identified as orogenic‐type gold mineralization, and the mineralized veins formed after the peak of metamorphism. It is characterized by (1) pyrite‐arsenian pyrite ores with minor amounts of arsenopyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, (2) quartz‐illite‐graphite alteration assemblage, (3) mineralized veins cross‐cutting the foliation of metamorphic host rocks, (4) high antimony contents of pyrite (up to 1.7 wt%) and rutile (up to 160 ppm), (5) relatively high ore‐forming temperature (423 ± 9°C, calculated from arsenopyrite and graphite geothermometers), and (6) remobilized‐sedimentary sulfur signature of the ores with a median δ34S of −9.8‰. Several lines of evidence suggest that placer gold was likely derived from the erosion of orogenic‐type gold ores in the surrounding areas. This evidence includes the presence of gold‐bearing ores hosted by low‐grade metapelites and metagranitoid with characteristics of orogenic‐type gold mineralization, whereas the VMS‐type ores are barren in gold. The occurrence of the mid‐oceanic ridge‐ and accretion zone‐related mineralization in this area reflects the subduction and amalgamation of oceanic and continental crustal blocks during the Cretaceous period. Discovery of gold mineralization hosted in the Cretaceous basement rocks of the Sunda arc indicates the importance to broaden the gold exploration targets to include not only young volcanic rocks, but also relatively old metamorphic basement rocks.","PeriodicalId":21089,"journal":{"name":"Resource Geology","volume":"296 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1000,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Primary source of placer gold in the Luk Ulo Metamorphic Complex, Central Java, Indonesia\",\"authors\":\"Renaldi Suhendra, R. Takahashi, A. Imai, Hinako Sato, N. Setiawan, A. Agangi\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/rge.12300\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The Luk Ulo Metamorphic Complex, Central Java is a product of the Cretaceous subduction and accretion, and includes diverse types of protoliths. Two‐types of primary mineralization have been recognized in this area, namely, (1) seafloor basalt‐hosted massive sulfide mineralization and (2) low‐grade metamorphic rocks‐hosted vein type mineralization. Later erosion of these types of primary mineralization formed placer gold deposits along rivers. However, the source has never been identified. Thus, this study aims at understanding the source of placer gold, the characteristics of the primary mineralization, and the tectonic evolution of the study area on the basis of mineralogy, mineral chemistry, whole‐rock geochemistry, and sulfur isotope analyses. Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)‐type mineralization was identified in the seafloor basalt and few deep‐sea sedimentary rocks, and both the ores and host rocks preserved pre‐metamorphic textures and minerals. The characteristics of this VMS‐type mineralization include (1) crustiform quartz veins with pyrite cutting the host rocks, (2) zonation of local silicification to interlayered chlorite/smectite‐chlorite‐laumontite‐calcite‐epidote alteration from central to outer zone, (3) pyrite‐dominated ores with minor amounts of arsenian pyrite, chalcopyrite, and marcasite, (4) unmetamorphosed host rocks and ores, and (5) sulfur isotope signature with a median δ34S of +3.1‰ suggesting sulfur derived from magmatic source and/or sulfur extracted from basaltic rocks with a small contribution of biogenic sulfur. On the other hand, low‐grade metamorphic rocks‐hosted vein type mineralization was identified as orogenic‐type gold mineralization, and the mineralized veins formed after the peak of metamorphism. It is characterized by (1) pyrite‐arsenian pyrite ores with minor amounts of arsenopyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, (2) quartz‐illite‐graphite alteration assemblage, (3) mineralized veins cross‐cutting the foliation of metamorphic host rocks, (4) high antimony contents of pyrite (up to 1.7 wt%) and rutile (up to 160 ppm), (5) relatively high ore‐forming temperature (423 ± 9°C, calculated from arsenopyrite and graphite geothermometers), and (6) remobilized‐sedimentary sulfur signature of the ores with a median δ34S of −9.8‰. Several lines of evidence suggest that placer gold was likely derived from the erosion of orogenic‐type gold ores in the surrounding areas. This evidence includes the presence of gold‐bearing ores hosted by low‐grade metapelites and metagranitoid with characteristics of orogenic‐type gold mineralization, whereas the VMS‐type ores are barren in gold. The occurrence of the mid‐oceanic ridge‐ and accretion zone‐related mineralization in this area reflects the subduction and amalgamation of oceanic and continental crustal blocks during the Cretaceous period. 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Primary source of placer gold in the Luk Ulo Metamorphic Complex, Central Java, Indonesia
The Luk Ulo Metamorphic Complex, Central Java is a product of the Cretaceous subduction and accretion, and includes diverse types of protoliths. Two‐types of primary mineralization have been recognized in this area, namely, (1) seafloor basalt‐hosted massive sulfide mineralization and (2) low‐grade metamorphic rocks‐hosted vein type mineralization. Later erosion of these types of primary mineralization formed placer gold deposits along rivers. However, the source has never been identified. Thus, this study aims at understanding the source of placer gold, the characteristics of the primary mineralization, and the tectonic evolution of the study area on the basis of mineralogy, mineral chemistry, whole‐rock geochemistry, and sulfur isotope analyses. Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)‐type mineralization was identified in the seafloor basalt and few deep‐sea sedimentary rocks, and both the ores and host rocks preserved pre‐metamorphic textures and minerals. The characteristics of this VMS‐type mineralization include (1) crustiform quartz veins with pyrite cutting the host rocks, (2) zonation of local silicification to interlayered chlorite/smectite‐chlorite‐laumontite‐calcite‐epidote alteration from central to outer zone, (3) pyrite‐dominated ores with minor amounts of arsenian pyrite, chalcopyrite, and marcasite, (4) unmetamorphosed host rocks and ores, and (5) sulfur isotope signature with a median δ34S of +3.1‰ suggesting sulfur derived from magmatic source and/or sulfur extracted from basaltic rocks with a small contribution of biogenic sulfur. On the other hand, low‐grade metamorphic rocks‐hosted vein type mineralization was identified as orogenic‐type gold mineralization, and the mineralized veins formed after the peak of metamorphism. It is characterized by (1) pyrite‐arsenian pyrite ores with minor amounts of arsenopyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, (2) quartz‐illite‐graphite alteration assemblage, (3) mineralized veins cross‐cutting the foliation of metamorphic host rocks, (4) high antimony contents of pyrite (up to 1.7 wt%) and rutile (up to 160 ppm), (5) relatively high ore‐forming temperature (423 ± 9°C, calculated from arsenopyrite and graphite geothermometers), and (6) remobilized‐sedimentary sulfur signature of the ores with a median δ34S of −9.8‰. Several lines of evidence suggest that placer gold was likely derived from the erosion of orogenic‐type gold ores in the surrounding areas. This evidence includes the presence of gold‐bearing ores hosted by low‐grade metapelites and metagranitoid with characteristics of orogenic‐type gold mineralization, whereas the VMS‐type ores are barren in gold. The occurrence of the mid‐oceanic ridge‐ and accretion zone‐related mineralization in this area reflects the subduction and amalgamation of oceanic and continental crustal blocks during the Cretaceous period. Discovery of gold mineralization hosted in the Cretaceous basement rocks of the Sunda arc indicates the importance to broaden the gold exploration targets to include not only young volcanic rocks, but also relatively old metamorphic basement rocks.
期刊介绍:
Resource Geology is an international journal focusing on economic geology, geochemistry and environmental geology. Its purpose is to contribute to the promotion of earth sciences related to metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits mainly in Asia, Oceania and the Circum-Pacific region, although other parts of the world are also considered.
Launched in 1998 by the Society for Resource Geology, the journal is published quarterly in English, making it more accessible to the international geological community. The journal publishes high quality papers of interest to those engaged in research and exploration of mineral deposits.