Smoking and disease severity are independent determinants of serum adhesion molecule levels in Graves’ ophthalmopathy

Adhesion molecules play a key role in autoimmune disorders, and serum concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules are increased in Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). Whether this is due to the strong association with smoking is unknown. It is also not known if the severity or activity of GO determine the serum levels of adhesion molecules. We measured serum concentrations of sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1 and sELAM‐1 in 62 euthyroid Graves’ patients with untreated GO, in 62 healthy controls matched for sex, age and smoking habits, and in 26 euthyroid Graves’ patients without GO. GO severity was assessed by the Total Eye Score and the activity by the Clinical Activity Score. Adhesion molecules were measured by highly sensitive ELISAs. GO patients had higher levels than controls (median values in ng/ml with range): sICAM‐1 300 [171–575] versus 244 [119–674], P < 0·001; sVCAM‐1 457 [317–1060] versus 410 [238–562], P < 0·001; and sELAM‐1 61 [19–174] versus 53 [23–118], P = 0·021. Euthyroid Graves’ disease patients without GO had levels similar to controls: sICAM‐1 273 138–453), sVCAM‐1 386 [260–1041] and sELAM‐1 46 [22–118]. Smoking had an independent effect and was associated with higher levels of sICAM‐1 and lower levels of sVCAM‐1 in both GO patients and controls; sELAM‐1 levels were comparable. In the 62 GO patients, sICAM‐1 correlated significantly with severity of eye disease (r = 0·40, P = 0·002). No correlation was found with the duration of GO, the Clinical Activity Score or TBII levels. Multivariate analysis of all 150 subjects showed that the presence of GO and smoking are independent determinants of sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐1 concentrations. In GO patients, the Total Eye Score was a stronger determinant than smoking. It is concluded that (i) smoking is associated with increased sICAM‐1 and decreased sVCAM‐1 levels; (ii) independent from smoking, euthyroid GO patients have higher levels of sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1 and sELAM‐1 than patients with euthyroid Graves’ disease or healthy controls; (iii) the major determinant of sICAM‐1 in GO patients is the severity of their eye disease.