Qi Wang, Jiacheng Yang, A. Gerlach, F. Schreiber, S. Duhm
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Advanced characterization of organic–metal and organic–organic interfaces: from photoelectron spectroscopy data to energy-level diagrams
Organic–metal and organic–organic interfaces account for the functionality of virtually all organic optoelectronic applications and the energy-level alignment is of particular importance for device performance. Often the energy-level alignment is simply estimated by metal work functions and ionization energies and electron affinities of the organic materials. However, various interfacial effects such as push back, mirror forces (also known as screening), electronic polarization or charge transfer affect the energy-level alignment. We perform x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) measurements on copper-hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) and titanyl-phthalocyanine (TiOPc) thin films on Ag(111) and use TiOPc bilayers to decouple F16CuPc layers from the metal substrate. Even for our structurally well-characterized model interfaces and by stepwise preparation of vacuum-sublimed samples, a precise assignment of vacuum-level and energy-level shifts remains challenging. Nevertheless, our results provide guidelines for the interpretation of XPS and UPS data of organic–metal and organic–organic interfaces.
期刊介绍:
This journal is devoted to the rapidly advancing research and development in the field of nonlinear interactions of light with matter. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, nonlinear optical materials, metamaterials and plasmonics, nano-photonic structures, stimulated scatterings, harmonic generations, wave mixing, real time holography, guided waves and solitons, bistabilities, instabilities and nonlinear dynamics, and their applications in laser and coherent lightwave amplification, guiding, switching, modulation, communication and information processing. Original papers, comprehensive reviews and rapid communications reporting original theories and observations are sought for in these and related areas. This journal will also publish proceedings of important international meetings and workshops. It is intended for graduate students, scientists and researchers in academic, industrial and government research institutions.